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  • 1
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2021
    Titel der Quelle: The Oxford Handbook of the Jewish Diaspora
    Angaben zur Quelle: (2021) 151-165
    Keywords: Ahad Ha'am, ; Dubnow, Simon, Criticism and interpretation ; Jewish diaspora ; Zionism Philosophy ; Secular Jews Attitudes
    Abstract: This chapter traces the origins and evolution of the idea that the welfare of Jews in the diaspora depends upon a strong Jewish presence in Palestine. The idea was initially generated out of a debate between Ahad Ha’am and Simon Dubnow over the prospects for developing a secular, “national” diaspora Jewish culture. Ahad Ha’am denied the possibility, insisting that only a “fixed center” in Palestine could weld dispersed Jews into a single cultural whole. Other Zionist spokesmen went farther, arguing that the diaspora was a source of physical danger or moral degeneracy that could be cured only by transplanting all the world’s Jews to Palestine. The chapter examines variations on this theme and the key texts in which they were introduced.
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  • 2
    Article
    Article
    In:  The Oxford Handbook of the Jewish Diaspora (2021) 279-307
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2021
    Titel der Quelle: The Oxford Handbook of the Jewish Diaspora
    Angaben zur Quelle: (2021) 279-307
    Keywords: Jews History
    Abstract: No known literary sources survive from Jews living in the Mediterranean diaspora from the early fourth to the end of the sixth century. Mining the writings of non-Jews (primarily Christians), late Roman laws, the physical remains of a few synagogues, donor inscriptions, and numerous epitaphs, this chapter sketches aspects of their lives, including geographic distribution, economics, participation in ancient civic life, communal organizations, communication between Jewish populations, and their possible homogeneity or diversity. It also examines the pressures exerted on Jews to convert to Christianity, including the destruction of synagogues and exclusions from public offices and elite professions, and considers both the efficacy of such pressures and possible Jewish responses.
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  • 3
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    Article
    In:  The Oxford Handbook of the Jewish Diaspora (2021) 55-72
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2021
    Titel der Quelle: The Oxford Handbook of the Jewish Diaspora
    Angaben zur Quelle: (2021) 55-72
    Keywords: Jewish diaspora Religious aspects ; Judaism ; Prayer Judaism ; History ; Redemption Judaism ; History of doctrines
    Abstract: Until modern, liberal Jews revised it, the consciousness of living in diaspora, in exile from the ideal Jewish life in the Land of Israel, permeated Jewish liturgy. This trope only intensified as the exile grew longer. The prayers, some recited multiple times a day, shaped Jewish diaspora identity into one yearning for its ancient home. The various forms of modern Judaism have negotiated this heritage, with some revising the prayers, either to express positive understandings of the diaspora or to integrate the new realities of Jewish life in the land of Israel. At the other end of the spectrum, others have considered the diaspora and exile to persist so long as they live in the pre-messianic world, even if geographically in the land itself.
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  • 4
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    Article
    In:  The Oxford Handbook of the Jewish Diaspora (2021) 309-321
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2021
    Titel der Quelle: The Oxford Handbook of the Jewish Diaspora
    Angaben zur Quelle: (2021) 309-321
    Keywords: Jewish diaspora ; Jews History Middle Ages, 500-1500
    Abstract: The vitalization of northern Europe, which began toward the end of the first Christian millennium, changed the Western world and in the process altered the configuration of diaspora Jewish existence. A new and vibrant center of diaspora Jewish life emerged, as a result of the attraction of rapidly developing northern Europe. The young Jewry of northern Europe was stimulated by the economic opportunities it encountered, was challenged by the spiritual creativity of the vigorous cultural environment in which it found itself, and was threatened by initial and ongoing majority resistance. The young Jewish diaspora of northern Europe grew and developed steadily, shaped by both the positive and negative elements presented by its new ambience.
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  • 5
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    Article
    In:  The Oxford Handbook of the Jewish Diaspora (2021) 643-662
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2021
    Titel der Quelle: The Oxford Handbook of the Jewish Diaspora
    Angaben zur Quelle: (2021) 643-662
    Keywords: Jews Languages ; History ; Language and languages Religious aspects ; Judaism ; Jews History ; Jewish diaspora History ; Sociolinguistics
    Abstract: This chapter discusses the use of language varieties in the Jewish diaspora experience in the framework of sociolinguistic studies. Wherever Jews have lived and either wished to distinguish themselves from their neighbors or were encouraged or forced to distinguish themselves, they did so through clothing, food, ritual, and also through language: they have spoken and written somewhat differently from their neighbors around them. Examining the Jewish linguistic spectrum through theories of language continuum, distinctiveness, and repertoire allows us to recognize patterns and commonalities across time and a space. Sociocultural and sociolinguistic analysis of Jewish religiolects demonstrates a tight connection between language and religion, while also helping elucidate the ways in which Jews—as well as non-Jews—have crossed religious boundaries.
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  • 6
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    Article
    In:  The Oxford Handbook of the Jewish Diaspora (2021) 663-675
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2021
    Titel der Quelle: The Oxford Handbook of the Jewish Diaspora
    Angaben zur Quelle: (2021) 663-675
    Keywords: Synagogue music ; Jews Music ; History and criticism ; Music Religious aspects ; Judaism
    Abstract: Music in the Jewish tradition is based on long-standing historic traditions and the influence of changing cultural surroundings as communities moved to new locations. This chapter begins by discussing textual sources, including biblical passages that describe the role of music in Jewish life and rabbinic sources that state music’s role during the ancient Temple service. Various regional traditions developed ranging from ancient Israel to communities throughout the Middle East, the Mediterranean, Spain, Europe, and the Americas. This chapter describes the practices of known liturgical musical traditions in Jewish communities of the last two hundred years, as these sources and documents allow us to best determine liturgical music in these contexts. The chapter focuses predominately on two main traditions—Ashkenazi and Sephardi/Mizrahi and three musical practices: cantillation, chant, and song.
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  • 7
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    Article
    In:  The Oxford Handbook of the Jewish Diaspora (2021) 677-686
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2021
    Titel der Quelle: The Oxford Handbook of the Jewish Diaspora
    Angaben zur Quelle: (2021) 677-686
    Keywords: Jewish diaspora ; Jewish cooking ; Jews Food
    Abstract: This chapter uses foodways as a lens into the tension between Jewishness as an ethnicity and Judaism as a religion. While kashrut links Jews across the globe and may work to prevent assimilation, regional and ethnic food practices distinguish Jewish communities from one another and highlight Jewish integration into non-Jewish societies. Most obviously, Ashkenazi foodways are quite different from those of Sephardic and Middle Eastern Jews. This chapter argues that although there is no single Jewish cuisine, kashrut and holiday observance produce a structure through which foods are marked as Jewish in specific contexts. Foodways, therefore, call Jewishness into being while representing the diversity of the Jewish people.
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  • 8
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    Article
    In:  The Oxford Handbook of the Jewish Diaspora (2021) 231-252
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2021
    Titel der Quelle: The Oxford Handbook of the Jewish Diaspora
    Angaben zur Quelle: (2021) 231-252
    Keywords: Jews History ; Jews History ; Poland
    Abstract: One of the hallmarks of modern diaspora studies is the dichotomy of a “homeland” and “hostland” in relation to a diasporic group. The history of Jews in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth complicates these contemporary categories. The multi-ethnic and multi-cultural Commonwealth was a homeland for Polish Jews. They formed an integral part of its social, cultural, and economic fabric, even as they identified and were identified as Jews. In a pre-modern world, with legal structures grounded in distinct estates, identities were also inscribed in law. Jewish judicial and communal autonomy was a product of the Jews’ legal status. In Poland-Lithuania, Jewish autonomy developed mimicking the governing structures of the Commonwealth itself. Polish Jews were, thus, a part of a larger real and imagined Jewish community whose homeland was Poland.
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  • 9
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    Article
    In:  The Oxford Handbook of the Jewish Diaspora (2021) 523-539
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2021
    Titel der Quelle: The Oxford Handbook of the Jewish Diaspora
    Angaben zur Quelle: (2021) 523-539
    Keywords: Israelis ; Jewish diaspora ; Israel and the diaspora ; National characteristics, Israeli ; Jews Identity ; Israel Emigration and immigration
    Abstract: Among the largest Jewish migrant populations in Western societies during the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries, Israeli emigrants live and work with native-born Jews, achieve impressive records of social and economic mobility, raise families, and acquire citizenship. Yet they commonly reject the assimilationist narrative emphasized by local coreligionists, socialize almost exclusively with other Israelis, frequently describe their intentions to return home and often do so. Generally educated and white, their reluctance to join the host society reflects their national identity rather than discrimination. Initially stigmatized by both Israel and the Jewish communities in points of settlement, Israeli émigrés’ presence abroad is now increasingly tolerated for political, economic, and cultural reasons. This article describes Israeli emigrants’ experience and examines how they try to reconcile conflicting identities associated with the country of origin and host society.
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  • 10
    Article
    Article
    In:  The Oxford Handbook of the Jewish Diaspora (2021) 541-560
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2021
    Titel der Quelle: The Oxford Handbook of the Jewish Diaspora
    Angaben zur Quelle: (2021) 541-560
    Keywords: Jews, Soviet History ; Jews Migrations ; Jewish diaspora
    Abstract: Soviet Jews were once an object of Israeli, American, British, and other Jews’ efforts to get the Soviet government to “free them,” since the borders to the Soviet Union were closed without permission. With the collapse of the country, post-Soviet Jews went from being a group in need of other Jews’ assistance to active subjects of their and others’ destinies. Post-Soviet Jews speak multiple languages and hold dual citizenships, which gives them financial, social, and political capital with which they shape the global Jewish future. They have done so by forming political parties in Israel such as Yisrael ba’aliya to the far right Yisrael beiteinu, whose politics have become mainstream in the Israeli electorate. Wealthy post-Soviet Jews have used their vast financial resources and connections with political power to shape the future. They have done this by donating huge sums of money to cultural institutions and universities as well as by forming large-scale Jewish philanthropic endeavors like the Genesis Philanthropy Group and the Blavatnik Archive to put issues of concern to former Soviet Jews on the global Jewish communal agenda. This has not been without consequences for the future of global Jewish life.
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