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  • 1
    Article
    Article
    The Jewish Diaspora in Christian thinking. (2021)
    In:  The Oxford Handbook of the Jewish Diaspora (2021) 99-114
    Details
    ISBN: 9780190240943
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2021
    Titel der Quelle: The Oxford Handbook of the Jewish Diaspora
    Angaben zur Quelle: (2021) 99-114
    Keywords: Jewish diaspora ; Christianity and other religions Judaism
    Abstract: This chapter summarizes the most important historical developments in Christian thinking about the Jewish diaspora, from antiquity to the present. It considers the apocalyptic Jewish perspectives of Jesus and Paul, the rise of adversus judaeos literature, Augustine’s innovative witness doctrine, and the fate of that doctrine in Catholic thinking up until its ostensible elimination during the papacy of John Paul II. In its examination of Protestantism, the article pays particular attention to developments in the Reformed traditions, especially the restorationist aspirations in the seventeenth century and the more recent rise of Christian Zionism.
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  • 2
    Article
    Article
    “A Land for a People, Not a People for a Land” : the territorial ideology, 1903-1957. (2021)
    In:  The Oxford Handbook of the Jewish Diaspora (2021) 183-200
    Details
    ISBN: 9780190240943
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2021
    Titel der Quelle: The Oxford Handbook of the Jewish Diaspora
    Angaben zur Quelle: (2021) 183-200
    Keywords: Jewish nationalism History 20th century ; Zionism History 20th century
    Abstract: Territorialist ideology emerged together with Zionist ideology. From the moment Leon Pinsker wrote in his Auto-Emancipation that “the goal of our present endeavors must be not the Holy Land, but a land of our own,” there were those in Jewish society who clung to the idea of “a land of our own” and wanted to set up some independent autonomous entity outside of the Land of Israel. This chapter traces territorial ideology from its ideational beginnings in the 1880s, through its conversion into an organized ideology and a political force in the Jewish world of the early twentieth century to its decline in the 1950s.
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  • 3
    Article
    Article
    Jews in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth : an embedded diaspora. (2021)
    In:  The Oxford Handbook of the Jewish Diaspora (2021) 231-252
    Details
    ISBN: 9780190240943
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2021
    Titel der Quelle: The Oxford Handbook of the Jewish Diaspora
    Angaben zur Quelle: (2021) 231-252
    Keywords: Jews History ; Jews History ; Poland
    Abstract: One of the hallmarks of modern diaspora studies is the dichotomy of a “homeland” and “hostland” in relation to a diasporic group. The history of Jews in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth complicates these contemporary categories. The multi-ethnic and multi-cultural Commonwealth was a homeland for Polish Jews. They formed an integral part of its social, cultural, and economic fabric, even as they identified and were identified as Jews. In a pre-modern world, with legal structures grounded in distinct estates, identities were also inscribed in law. Jewish judicial and communal autonomy was a product of the Jews’ legal status. In Poland-Lithuania, Jewish autonomy developed mimicking the governing structures of the Commonwealth itself. Polish Jews were, thus, a part of a larger real and imagined Jewish community whose homeland was Poland.
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  • 4
    Article
    Article
    The doctrine of exile in Kabbalah. (2021)
    In:  The Oxford Handbook of the Jewish Diaspora (2021) 73-97
    Details
    ISBN: 9780190240943
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2021
    Titel der Quelle: The Oxford Handbook of the Jewish Diaspora
    Angaben zur Quelle: (2021) 73-97
    Keywords: Jewish diaspora in rabbinical literature ; Jewish diaspora Religious aspects ; Judaism ; Cabala History ; God (Judaism)
    Abstract: Exile (galut)—and the attempt to end it—is one of primary aims and motifs of Jewish mysticism and Kabbalah. Kabbalists have conceived of exile as the existential state of man (the divine soul trapped in the body), the predicament and mission of the Jewish people (banished from Israel), and, most dramatically, the current condition of God and the cosmos. Classic kabbalistic works, such as the Zohar, explain that man’s original sin caused the initial rupture within God, while humanity’s ongoing transgressions increasingly intensify it. Since the earliest kabbalistic writings, in the twelfth century, and continuing until today, numerous Kabbalists have boldly asserted that the primary purpose of both the Torah and man’s deeds is to mend these fractures by unifying the male and female aspects of God, raising the dispersed divine sparks, and elevating man’s dislocated soul. Through these mystical processes, the exile will draw to a close, ushering in the messianic age.
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  • 5
    Article
    Article
    Zionism and the negation of the Diaspora. (2021)
    In:  The Oxford Handbook of the Jewish Diaspora (2021) 151-165
    Details
    ISBN: 9780190240943
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2021
    Titel der Quelle: The Oxford Handbook of the Jewish Diaspora
    Angaben zur Quelle: (2021) 151-165
    Keywords: Ahad Ha'am, ; Dubnow, Simon, Criticism and interpretation ; Jewish diaspora ; Zionism Philosophy ; Secular Jews Attitudes
    Abstract: This chapter traces the origins and evolution of the idea that the welfare of Jews in the diaspora depends upon a strong Jewish presence in Palestine. The idea was initially generated out of a debate between Ahad Ha’am and Simon Dubnow over the prospects for developing a secular, “national” diaspora Jewish culture. Ahad Ha’am denied the possibility, insisting that only a “fixed center” in Palestine could weld dispersed Jews into a single cultural whole. Other Zionist spokesmen went farther, arguing that the diaspora was a source of physical danger or moral degeneracy that could be cured only by transplanting all the world’s Jews to Palestine. The chapter examines variations on this theme and the key texts in which they were introduced.
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  • 6
    Article
    Article
    Not quite exile, not quite home : Spain as a diaspora center. (2021)
    In:  The Oxford Handbook of the Jewish Diaspora (2021) 217-229
    Details
    ISBN: 9780190240943
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2021
    Titel der Quelle: The Oxford Handbook of the Jewish Diaspora
    Angaben zur Quelle: (2021) 217-229
    Keywords: Jews History ; Jews History ; Jewish diaspora
    Abstract: “Sepharad” was more than simply the Hebrew name for Iberia. Through much of Jewish history it denoted a set of Jewish cultural traits that included a high level of cultural and social integration, a sense of Jewish aristocracy and noble lineage, and unmatched creativity in Hebrew poetry, philosophy, science, mystical thought, rabbinic codification, and biblical exegesis. Spanish Jews lived under both Muslim and Christian rule, sometimes in harmony and mutual enrichment, but often under oppressive conditions of discrimination, forced conversion, and Inquisition. Their history of co-existence (convivencia) included uprootings as well as cultural flowering. The expulsion of 1492 did not spell the end of their deep bonds with Spain. Instead, Sephardim remained one of the main branches of the Jewish people.
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  • 7
    Article
    Article
    The emergence of the medieval Northern European diaspora. (2021)
    In:  The Oxford Handbook of the Jewish Diaspora (2021) 309-321
    Details
    ISBN: 9780190240943
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2021
    Titel der Quelle: The Oxford Handbook of the Jewish Diaspora
    Angaben zur Quelle: (2021) 309-321
    Keywords: Jewish diaspora ; Jews History Middle Ages, 500-1500
    Abstract: The vitalization of northern Europe, which began toward the end of the first Christian millennium, changed the Western world and in the process altered the configuration of diaspora Jewish existence. A new and vibrant center of diaspora Jewish life emerged, as a result of the attraction of rapidly developing northern Europe. The young Jewry of northern Europe was stimulated by the economic opportunities it encountered, was challenged by the spiritual creativity of the vigorous cultural environment in which it found itself, and was threatened by initial and ongoing majority resistance. The young Jewish diaspora of northern Europe grew and developed steadily, shaped by both the positive and negative elements presented by its new ambience.
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  • 8
    Article
    Article
    "Saving" the Jews of the diaspora : a history of international Jewish aid. (2021)
    In:  The Oxford Handbook of the Jewish Diaspora (2021) 563-585
    Details
    ISBN: 9780190240943
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2021
    Titel der Quelle: The Oxford Handbook of the Jewish Diaspora
    Angaben zur Quelle: (2021) 563-585
    Keywords: Jews Charities ; History ; Jewish organizations ; Jewish diaspora
    Abstract: Jewish international aid is largely a modern phenomenon in which Jews reach out in solidarity to offer aid to their brethren suffering elsewhere in the diaspora. The flow of aid has, with few exceptions, travelled from West to East, with highly assimilated Jews in Europe and the United States leading the charge. The form of activism they developed has roots in Jewish traditions, but is also inspired by traditions of secular humanitarianism shared with non-Jews across the West, including the imperial “civilizing mission.” In the nineteenth century, Jewish international activists sought to transform the lives of Jews through education and campaigns for greater civil and political rights, and often worked through states. In the first half of the twentieth century, Jewish internationalism blossomed, as dedicated institutions with professional staff used diplomacy, social work, and modern finance to address the needs of millions of Jews. Although the results of such aid have been mixed, it is clear that Jewish internationalism has transformed relations among the Jews of the diaspora.
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  • 9
    Article
    Article
    Holocaust survivor diaspora(s). (2021)
    In:  The Oxford Handbook of the Jewish Diaspora (2021) 457-485
    Details
    ISBN: 9780190240943
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2021
    Titel der Quelle: The Oxford Handbook of the Jewish Diaspora
    Angaben zur Quelle: (2021) 457-485
    Keywords: Jewish diaspora ; Holocaust survivors ; Jews History 1945-
    Abstract: This chapter discusses the evolution of “Holocaust survivor diasporas” in the aftermath of World War II by examining how the experience of survival under Nazi occupation created a distinct and shared identity for those who would emerge from the war. In the early postwar period, survivors formed transnational networks on the basis of shared wartime experience, common geographical origin, and shared political agendas that were far more specific than the more general category of “Holocaust survivors” that would develop later, in the last decades of the twentieth century. Survivors and the distinct organizations they formed came to play a prominent role in both defining the categories of “Holocaust” and “survivor” and in shaping subsequent efforts at Holocaust education and memorialization.
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  • 10
    Article
    Article
    Saving Soviet Jews and the future of the global Jewish Diaspora. (2021)
    In:  The Oxford Handbook of the Jewish Diaspora (2021) 541-560
    Details
    ISBN: 9780190240943
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2021
    Titel der Quelle: The Oxford Handbook of the Jewish Diaspora
    Angaben zur Quelle: (2021) 541-560
    Keywords: Jews, Soviet History ; Jews Migrations ; Jewish diaspora
    Abstract: Soviet Jews were once an object of Israeli, American, British, and other Jews’ efforts to get the Soviet government to “free them,” since the borders to the Soviet Union were closed without permission. With the collapse of the country, post-Soviet Jews went from being a group in need of other Jews’ assistance to active subjects of their and others’ destinies. Post-Soviet Jews speak multiple languages and hold dual citizenships, which gives them financial, social, and political capital with which they shape the global Jewish future. They have done so by forming political parties in Israel such as Yisrael ba’aliya to the far right Yisrael beiteinu, whose politics have become mainstream in the Israeli electorate. Wealthy post-Soviet Jews have used their vast financial resources and connections with political power to shape the future. They have done this by donating huge sums of money to cultural institutions and universities as well as by forming large-scale Jewish philanthropic endeavors like the Genesis Philanthropy Group and the Blavatnik Archive to put issues of concern to former Soviet Jews on the global Jewish communal agenda. This has not been without consequences for the future of global Jewish life.
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