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  • Jewish diaspora  (20)
  • 1
    Article
    Article
    Zionism and the negation of the Diaspora. (2021)
    In:  The Oxford Handbook of the Jewish Diaspora (2021) 151-165
    Details
    ISBN: 9780190240943
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2021
    Titel der Quelle: The Oxford Handbook of the Jewish Diaspora
    Angaben zur Quelle: (2021) 151-165
    Keywords: Ahad Ha'am, ; Dubnow, Simon, Criticism and interpretation ; Jewish diaspora ; Zionism Philosophy ; Secular Jews Attitudes
    Abstract: This chapter traces the origins and evolution of the idea that the welfare of Jews in the diaspora depends upon a strong Jewish presence in Palestine. The idea was initially generated out of a debate between Ahad Ha’am and Simon Dubnow over the prospects for developing a secular, “national” diaspora Jewish culture. Ahad Ha’am denied the possibility, insisting that only a “fixed center” in Palestine could weld dispersed Jews into a single cultural whole. Other Zionist spokesmen went farther, arguing that the diaspora was a source of physical danger or moral degeneracy that could be cured only by transplanting all the world’s Jews to Palestine. The chapter examines variations on this theme and the key texts in which they were introduced.
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  • 2
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    Article
    The emergence of the medieval Northern European diaspora. (2021)
    In:  The Oxford Handbook of the Jewish Diaspora (2021) 309-321
    Details
    ISBN: 9780190240943
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2021
    Titel der Quelle: The Oxford Handbook of the Jewish Diaspora
    Angaben zur Quelle: (2021) 309-321
    Keywords: Jewish diaspora ; Jews History Middle Ages, 500-1500
    Abstract: The vitalization of northern Europe, which began toward the end of the first Christian millennium, changed the Western world and in the process altered the configuration of diaspora Jewish existence. A new and vibrant center of diaspora Jewish life emerged, as a result of the attraction of rapidly developing northern Europe. The young Jewry of northern Europe was stimulated by the economic opportunities it encountered, was challenged by the spiritual creativity of the vigorous cultural environment in which it found itself, and was threatened by initial and ongoing majority resistance. The young Jewish diaspora of northern Europe grew and developed steadily, shaped by both the positive and negative elements presented by its new ambience.
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  • 3
    Article
    Article
    Jewish food in the Diaspora. (2021)
    In:  The Oxford Handbook of the Jewish Diaspora (2021) 677-686
    Details
    ISBN: 9780190240943
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2021
    Titel der Quelle: The Oxford Handbook of the Jewish Diaspora
    Angaben zur Quelle: (2021) 677-686
    Keywords: Jewish diaspora ; Jewish cooking ; Jews Food
    Abstract: This chapter uses foodways as a lens into the tension between Jewishness as an ethnicity and Judaism as a religion. While kashrut links Jews across the globe and may work to prevent assimilation, regional and ethnic food practices distinguish Jewish communities from one another and highlight Jewish integration into non-Jewish societies. Most obviously, Ashkenazi foodways are quite different from those of Sephardic and Middle Eastern Jews. This chapter argues that although there is no single Jewish cuisine, kashrut and holiday observance produce a structure through which foods are marked as Jewish in specific contexts. Foodways, therefore, call Jewishness into being while representing the diversity of the Jewish people.
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  • 4
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    Article
    The Jewish Israeli diaspora. (2021)
    In:  The Oxford Handbook of the Jewish Diaspora (2021) 523-539
    Details
    ISBN: 9780190240943
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2021
    Titel der Quelle: The Oxford Handbook of the Jewish Diaspora
    Angaben zur Quelle: (2021) 523-539
    Keywords: Israelis ; Jewish diaspora ; Israel and the diaspora ; National characteristics, Israeli ; Jews Identity ; Israel Emigration and immigration
    Abstract: Among the largest Jewish migrant populations in Western societies during the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries, Israeli emigrants live and work with native-born Jews, achieve impressive records of social and economic mobility, raise families, and acquire citizenship. Yet they commonly reject the assimilationist narrative emphasized by local coreligionists, socialize almost exclusively with other Israelis, frequently describe their intentions to return home and often do so. Generally educated and white, their reluctance to join the host society reflects their national identity rather than discrimination. Initially stigmatized by both Israel and the Jewish communities in points of settlement, Israeli émigrés’ presence abroad is now increasingly tolerated for political, economic, and cultural reasons. This article describes Israeli emigrants’ experience and examines how they try to reconcile conflicting identities associated with the country of origin and host society.
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  • 5
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    Article
    Saving Soviet Jews and the future of the global Jewish Diaspora. (2021)
    In:  The Oxford Handbook of the Jewish Diaspora (2021) 541-560
    Details
    ISBN: 9780190240943
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2021
    Titel der Quelle: The Oxford Handbook of the Jewish Diaspora
    Angaben zur Quelle: (2021) 541-560
    Keywords: Jews, Soviet History ; Jews Migrations ; Jewish diaspora
    Abstract: Soviet Jews were once an object of Israeli, American, British, and other Jews’ efforts to get the Soviet government to “free them,” since the borders to the Soviet Union were closed without permission. With the collapse of the country, post-Soviet Jews went from being a group in need of other Jews’ assistance to active subjects of their and others’ destinies. Post-Soviet Jews speak multiple languages and hold dual citizenships, which gives them financial, social, and political capital with which they shape the global Jewish future. They have done so by forming political parties in Israel such as Yisrael ba’aliya to the far right Yisrael beiteinu, whose politics have become mainstream in the Israeli electorate. Wealthy post-Soviet Jews have used their vast financial resources and connections with political power to shape the future. They have done this by donating huge sums of money to cultural institutions and universities as well as by forming large-scale Jewish philanthropic endeavors like the Genesis Philanthropy Group and the Blavatnik Archive to put issues of concern to former Soviet Jews on the global Jewish communal agenda. This has not been without consequences for the future of global Jewish life.
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  • 6
    Article
    Article
    Belonging across the diaspora : global Jewish organizations. (2021)
    In:  The Oxford Handbook of the Jewish Diaspora (2021) 587-603
    Details
    ISBN: 9780190240943
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2021
    Titel der Quelle: The Oxford Handbook of the Jewish Diaspora
    Angaben zur Quelle: (2021) 587-603
    Keywords: Jewish diaspora ; Jewish organizations ; Globalization
    Abstract: This chapter traces the rise of global Jewish organizations in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, arguing that such groups helped usher Jews into modernity. This was a period of great technological advancement, in which the rise of mass transportation and mass communication meant that Jews enjoyed unprecedented mobility. Jewish communities also experienced great upheaval, with the breakdown of traditional Jewish institutions, particularly the medieval kehilla. As a response to these changing circumstances, Jews in the United States and Europe established modern and secular organizations and found ways to be Jewish in a changing world. These associations served a range of purposes: fraternal, political, cultural, and memorial. This chapter focuses on some of the most important of these bodies, including the International Order of the B’nai B’rith, the Jewish Labor Bund, and landsmanshaftn, which together helped shape the lives of millions of Jews in the modern period.
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  • 7
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    Article
    "Saving" the Jews of the diaspora : a history of international Jewish aid. (2021)
    In:  The Oxford Handbook of the Jewish Diaspora (2021) 563-585
    Details
    ISBN: 9780190240943
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2021
    Titel der Quelle: The Oxford Handbook of the Jewish Diaspora
    Angaben zur Quelle: (2021) 563-585
    Keywords: Jews Charities ; History ; Jewish organizations ; Jewish diaspora
    Abstract: Jewish international aid is largely a modern phenomenon in which Jews reach out in solidarity to offer aid to their brethren suffering elsewhere in the diaspora. The flow of aid has, with few exceptions, travelled from West to East, with highly assimilated Jews in Europe and the United States leading the charge. The form of activism they developed has roots in Jewish traditions, but is also inspired by traditions of secular humanitarianism shared with non-Jews across the West, including the imperial “civilizing mission.” In the nineteenth century, Jewish international activists sought to transform the lives of Jews through education and campaigns for greater civil and political rights, and often worked through states. In the first half of the twentieth century, Jewish internationalism blossomed, as dedicated institutions with professional staff used diplomacy, social work, and modern finance to address the needs of millions of Jews. Although the results of such aid have been mixed, it is clear that Jewish internationalism has transformed relations among the Jews of the diaspora.
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  • 8
    Article
    Article
    Holocaust survivor diaspora(s). (2021)
    In:  The Oxford Handbook of the Jewish Diaspora (2021) 457-485
    Details
    ISBN: 9780190240943
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2021
    Titel der Quelle: The Oxford Handbook of the Jewish Diaspora
    Angaben zur Quelle: (2021) 457-485
    Keywords: Jewish diaspora ; Holocaust survivors ; Jews History 1945-
    Abstract: This chapter discusses the evolution of “Holocaust survivor diasporas” in the aftermath of World War II by examining how the experience of survival under Nazi occupation created a distinct and shared identity for those who would emerge from the war. In the early postwar period, survivors formed transnational networks on the basis of shared wartime experience, common geographical origin, and shared political agendas that were far more specific than the more general category of “Holocaust survivors” that would develop later, in the last decades of the twentieth century. Survivors and the distinct organizations they formed came to play a prominent role in both defining the categories of “Holocaust” and “survivor” and in shaping subsequent efforts at Holocaust education and memorialization.
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  • 9
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    Article
    The modern diaspora of Jews from the Arab Middle East and North Africa. (2021)
    In:  The Oxford Handbook of the Jewish Diaspora (2021) 487-506
    Details
    ISBN: 9780190240943
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2021
    Titel der Quelle: The Oxford Handbook of the Jewish Diaspora
    Angaben zur Quelle: (2021) 487-506
    Keywords: Jews Migrations ; Jews Migrations ; Jews History ; Jews History ; Jewish diaspora
    Abstract: The Jews of the Muslim Middle East and North Africa (MENA) were shaped by the expansion of the Ottoman Empire in the sixteenth century and the influx of Sephardim. Jews were a part of the multicultural landscape, speaking mainly Judeo-Arabic and Judeo-Spanish. New diaspora communities were formed of Jews based on their places of origin: Livorno, Baghdad, Aleppo, or from the Maghrib—Ma’aravim—who migrated to different parts of MENA and other parts of the world. New identities and Jewish diasporas were created as MENA was divided between the British and French and as independent Arab states emerged. With decolonization after World War II and the establishment Israel, the nearly one million MENA Jews left their countries of origins for Israel, Europe, and the Americas. In Israel they became known collectively as “Mizrahim” and were identified by their countries of origin as Moroccan, Tunisian, Egyptian, Yemeni, Syrian, or Iraqi.
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  • 10
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    Article
    The Jewish Diaspora in Christian thinking. (2021)
    In:  The Oxford Handbook of the Jewish Diaspora (2021) 99-114
    Details
    ISBN: 9780190240943
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2021
    Titel der Quelle: The Oxford Handbook of the Jewish Diaspora
    Angaben zur Quelle: (2021) 99-114
    Keywords: Jewish diaspora ; Christianity and other religions Judaism
    Abstract: This chapter summarizes the most important historical developments in Christian thinking about the Jewish diaspora, from antiquity to the present. It considers the apocalyptic Jewish perspectives of Jesus and Paul, the rise of adversus judaeos literature, Augustine’s innovative witness doctrine, and the fate of that doctrine in Catholic thinking up until its ostensible elimination during the papacy of John Paul II. In its examination of Protestantism, the article pays particular attention to developments in the Reformed traditions, especially the restorationist aspirations in the seventeenth century and the more recent rise of Christian Zionism.
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