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  • Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) Personal narratives  (18)
  • Nazi concentration camps  (8)
  • 1
    Article
    Article
    Greetings from Auschwitz : smuggled information about the destruction of Slovak Jewry. (2021)
    In:  The Journal of Holocaust Research 35,3 (2021) 179-195
    Details
    ISSN: 2578-5648
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2021
    Titel der Quelle: The Journal of Holocaust Research
    Angaben zur Quelle: 35,3 (2021) 179-195
    Keywords: Auschwitz (Concentration camp) ; Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) Personal narratives ; Jews Correspondence ; Jews, Slovak Correspondence
    Abstract: As a client state of Nazi Germany, the Slovak Republic was granted a number of benefits. One such alleged benefit was the allowing of correspondence between the deported Slovak Jews and those who remained in Slovakia. This article investigates the highly censored letters sent by Slovak Jews shortly after their deportation, in which they manage to code essential information on the destruction of Slovak Jewry. By examining these letters, which supposedly present the ‘good life’ of the Slovak Jews in their ‘new home,’ this article explores which information was ‘officially’ provided to Jews in Slovakia under the dictates of wartime propaganda and through the control of the enforced local Jewish Council—the Jewish Center—and what knowledge was actually being gathered. Such analysis, which specifically concerns the letters sent from Auschwitz-Birkenau, reveals the knowledge of the remaining Slovak Jewish community following the deportations to camps and ghettos in occupied Poland in 1942. By analyzing these letters alongside additional sources, such as postwar testimonies, the article sheds light on the impact these letters had the reactions and decisions made by the Jews who remained in Slovakia.
    DOI: 10.1080/25785648.2021.1943160?needAccess=true
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  • 2
    Article
    Article
    Narratives of resistance, moral compromise, and perpetration : the testimonies of Julia Brichta, survivor of Ravensbrück. (2022)
    In:  The Journal of Holocaust Research 36,2-3 (2022) 240-260
    Details
    ISSN: 2578-5648
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2022
    Titel der Quelle: The Journal of Holocaust Research
    Angaben zur Quelle: 36,2-3 (2022) 240-260
    Keywords: Ravensbrück (Concentration camp) ; Holocaust survivors Interviews ; Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) Personal narratives ; Jewish women in the Holocaust Biography ; Jews Biography ; Guernsey
    Abstract: Julia Brichta, a Jewish–Hungarian refugee, came to the Channel Island of Guernsey in 1939, a year before the arrival of the German occupying forces. The story of what happened to her during the war in Ravensbrück was told in her own words on several occasions between 1945 and 1965, yet the specifics of her path to Ravensbrück and her role as a camp policewoman there, have hitherto been unclear. Based on surviving archival documents, this paper attempts to untangle the evidence to establish some of the facts behind this ‘grey zone’ survivor of the Holocaust. It examines Julia’s path towards Ravensbrück and the ways in which her pre-camp and camp experiences impacted the ways in which she narrated her story between 1945 and 1965. Whether she was a non-Jewish resistance heroine or a Jewish perpetrator who lied about her wartime activities, this paper argues that in the end, such judgments are simplistic and mask the complexity of survivor stories. Instead, seeking to understand changes in testimony over time based on the audience as well as pre-camp and camp experiences offers a more fruitful path of analysis.
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  • 3
    Article
    Article
    Rachel Auerbach and the Eichmann trial : a new conception of victims' testimonies. (2022)
    In:  The Journal of Holocaust Research 36,2-3 (2022) 327-345
    Details
    ISSN: 2578-5648
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2022
    Titel der Quelle: The Journal of Holocaust Research
    Angaben zur Quelle: 36,2-3 (2022) 327-345
    Keywords: Auerbach, Rachel ; Eichmann trial, Jerusalem, 1961 ; Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) Personal narratives ; Holocaust survivors Biography
    Abstract: Since the 1990s, international criminal law has struggled to find the proper role for victims in mass-atrocities trials. Notwithstanding the rise of the victim-centered trial, victims still participate in these trials mainly as witnesses for the prosecution, but not as full and proactive participants. In this article, I return to the forgotten contribution of Rachel Auerbach (1903-1976), a Jewish-Polish journalist, historian, and Holocaust survivor, and explore her important contribution to the Eichmann Trial, where she helped shape a new paradigm of a victim-centered atrocity trial in the wake of World War II. Auerbach's vision for the trial, as I shall present in this article, can be understood as an early precursor of later developments in both international criminal law and, more broadly, in the field of transitional justice.The contribution of women to the development of international criminal law has been marginalized for many years. Similarly, Auerbach's contribution to the Eichmann Trial has long been viewed as merely technical, limited to finding relevant witnesses for the trial as part of her work as the director of the Testimony Collection Department of Yad Vashem. I show that Auerbach had a groundbreaking vision of the Eichmann Trial and of the way law should perceive victims' testimonies in such trials, based on her “translation” of the legacy of the clandestine Oyneg Shabes archive enterprise in the Warsaw ghetto into a legal setting. In her view, the trial would become victim-centered, not only due to the survivors' testimonies, but also because it would recognize their initiative and agency in promoting a new conception of testimony. I argue that her approach to victims' testimonies and its connection to the crime of cultural genocide are still highly relevant to the ongoing legal and historical discussion about atrocity trials.
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  • 4
    Article
    Article
    A plagiarized testimony? : Authorship, legacy, and the Holocaust art of Henryk Beck and Zinovii Tolkachev. (2022)
    In:  The Journal of Holocaust Research 37,2 (2023) 213-236
    Details
    ISSN: 2578-5648
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2022
    Titel der Quelle: The Journal of Holocaust Research
    Angaben zur Quelle: 37,2 (2023) 213-236
    Keywords: Beck, Henryk, ; Tolkachev, Zinovii, ; Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945), in art ; Plagiarism ; Jewish artists Biography ; Holocaust survivors Biography ; Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) Personal narratives ; Artists Biography ; World War, 1939-1945 Personal narratives
    Abstract: This article explores the case of an alleged plagiarism of Holocaust staple artistic images by two different artists on opposite sides of the WWII frontlines. From 1941–1944, Zinovii Tolkachev (1904–1977), a Soviet artist on a military mission, and Henryk Beck (1896–1946), a Holocaust survivor and artist in hiding, had created at least two pairs of identical works. Tolkachev’s images, included in his 1944 series ‘Majdanek’ became known as the earliest artistic representation of the Holocaust in East European art. Identical images created by Henryk Beck three years prior to those of Tolkachev remained unbeknownst to the general public until recently. By providing a comparative analysis of Tolkachev’s and Beck’s personal biographies, war-time itineraries, and artistic language, this essay seeks to reenact the historical circumstances for a possible encounter between the two artists, to identify the genuine author, and to understand the underlying personal motifs for this plagiarism. Bringing my analysis beyond the images’ iconography and visual semantics, I conceptualize these works of art as complex Holocaust texts bridging personal testimony, material culture, military history, Holocaust resistance, cultural geography, and art studies. A story of a migrating Holocaust image, the case of Beck-Tolkachev challenges our knowledge of Polish, Ukrainian, Russian, and Jewish artists’ relations during the war and reveals methodological uncertainties in dealing with the artistic legacy of the Holocaust.
    DOI: 10.1080/25785648.2023.2206290
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  • 5
    Article
    Article
    When memory comes, where memory leads. (2023)
    In:  The Journal of Holocaust Research 37,1 (2023) 38-44
    Details
    ISSN: 2578-5648
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2023
    Titel der Quelle: The Journal of Holocaust Research
    Angaben zur Quelle: 37,1 (2023) 38-44
    Keywords: Friedländer, Saul, Criticism and interpretation ; Friedländer, Saul, ; Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) Personal narratives
    Abstract: The following essay titled ‘When Memory Comes, Where Memory Leads’ is included in the first section of the Festschrift collected in honor of Saul Friedländer upon his 90th birthday. It is an attempt to present his two autobiographic volumes, published in 1978 when he was 46 years old and in 2016 when he was 85 years old. Friedländer tells his life story in an open, candid manner, sharing with the reader a deep discrepancy between two seemingly contradicting levels. On one level, he reflects on the evolution of his academic work and the circumstances that gave birth to his best-known books after years of distancing himself from any possible connection to the history of the Holocaust and the Nazi regime. Eventually, he became a world-renowned scholar of these two vast issues, and his books were translated into a host of languages upon publication, with numerous prizes bestowed upon him. On the other level – the personal one – he mercilessly details his lifelong, deep-seated fear of being abandoned, the loss of his parents, wandering among Catholic institutions, constant changes of his first name as an obstacle on his way to building a solid identity, personal crises, and years-long treatment, operations, and medications. Alongside being a francophone and an atheist, the deep-down core of his identity, as he defines it, is being a Jew bearing the indelible mark left by the Holocaust. Despite this, the books he authored became milestones, especially his magnum opus, the two-volume Nazi Germany and the Jews, a masterpiece combining personal testimonies with documentation, depicting the full picture of German-occupied and controlled countries during World War II while offering insights that help understand the innermost feelings of Jews at the time.
    DOI: 10.1080/25785648.2022.2159145
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  • 6
    Article
    Article
    Between memory and history. (2023)
    In:  The Journal of Holocaust Research 37,1 (2023) 45-49
    Details
    ISSN: 2578-5648
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2023
    Titel der Quelle: The Journal of Holocaust Research
    Angaben zur Quelle: 37,1 (2023) 45-49
    Keywords: Friedländer, Saul, Criticism and interpretation ; Friedländer, Saul, ; Friedländer, Saul, ; Friedländer, Saul, ; Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) Personal narratives
    Abstract: A relationship between Saul Friedländer’s autobiographical text When Memory Comes and his historical magnus opus Nazi Germany and the Jews has been suggested by Stéphane Bou. This article develops this suggestion, focusing on the narrative choices Friedländer made in his major historical work. An analysis of the use of estrangement and fragmentary evidence unveils their cognitive implications.
    DOI: 10.1080/25785648.2022.2159125
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  • 7
    Article
    Article
    Revisiting "Two Jewish Historians in Extremis" : Elias Tcherikower and Marc Bloch. (2023)
    In:  The Journal of Holocaust Research 37,1 (2023) 95-101
    Details
    ISSN: 2578-5648
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2023
    Titel der Quelle: The Journal of Holocaust Research
    Angaben zur Quelle: 37,1 (2023) 95-101
    Keywords: Cherikover, I. M., ; Bloch, Marc, ; Jewish historians Biography ; Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) Personal narratives
    Abstract: Saul Friedländer’s ‘Two Jewish Historians in Extremis: Ernst Kantorowicz and Marc Bloch in the Face of Nazism and Collaboration,’ served as an inspiration for this essay, which sets the wartime musings of two Jewish historians in France – the Ukrainian-born Elias Tcherikower and the French-born Bloch against one another. Though different in nature, Tcherikower’s personal diary in Yiddish (still in manuscript) and Bloch's Strange Defeat, published posthumously, discussed in the essay, touch on the ways in which the inner being of individuals translates the dramatic moments of the period into their lives and responds to them; the so-called ‘ego-documents’ provide discrete moments of reflection and narration that enable the historian to consider a variety of historical insights that cannot be reduced to simple ‘objective facts’ alone – as emotions, musings, dreams, nightmares, and character, and how one came to make certain decisions are enmeshed in these texts. The ways in which an East-European Jew relates to the German occupation as opposed to those of a native French Jew are at the heart of this essay.
    DOI: 10.1080/25785648.2022.2153429
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  • 8
    Article
    Article
    "Because they were Jews!" : The postwar artworks of David Friedmann as eyewitness testimonies. (2023)
    In:  The Journal of Holocaust Research 37,4 (2023) 458-469
    Details
    ISSN: 2578-5648
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2023
    Titel der Quelle: The Journal of Holocaust Research
    Angaben zur Quelle: 37,4 (2023) 458-469
    Keywords: Friedmann, David, ; Auschwitz (Concentration camp) In art ; Jewish artists Biography ; Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) Personal narratives ; Holocaust survivors Biography ; Drawing, Czech ; Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945), in art ; Exhibitions ; Exhibitions ; Litzmannstadt-Getto (Łódź, Poland) In art ; Kraslice (Czech Republic)
    Abstract: This essay presents the work of David Friedman(n) (1893–1980), a renowned Berlin artist whose successful prewar career abruptly ended when Hitler came to power. He was banned from his profession, chased from his home, and his first wife and daughter were murdered. The Nazis looted his work and destroyed his promising career. Friedmann survived the Lodz ghetto and Auschwitz to paint again. First shown in Český Dub, Czechoslovakia on January 27, 1946, then in Western Bohemia, Prague, Jerusalem and Tel Aviv, this cycle was one of the first exhibitions of Holocaust art in the world. Friedmann's exhibitions at former Sudetenland towns in Western Bohemia were utilized as a ‘denazification’ tool by local education councils. Announcements and posters invited Slav nationals to a celebratory opening and viewing of the exhibition – with compulsory attendance for ethnic-Germans over the age of fifteen years. Every visitor paid admission. Germans failing to appear did not receive their ration cards. Town officials gladly offered the necessary exhibition halls, for it was in their own interest to show to the Germans still living there, scenes from the ghetto and the concentration camps, by the hand of an artist as witness. When asked, David Friedmann explained his paintings to Sudeten Germans unwilling to believe their countrymen had perpetrated such atrocities against the Jews. Friedman translated his haunting memories into more than 100 works and titled his series, ‘Because They Were Jews!’ Personalized descriptions supplement his artwork creating a singularly detailed pictorial and written record of the Holocaust. Friedman continued to fight antisemitism and racial prejudice by educating the public with his Holocaust art exhibitions.
    DOI: 10.1080/25785648.2023.2197736
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  • 9
    Article
    Article
    Solidarity and animosity among Sonderkommando prisoners in Auschwitz-Birkenau. (2019)
    In:  The Journal of Holocaust Research 33,4 (2019) 224-237
    Details
    ISSN: 2578-5648
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2019
    Titel der Quelle: The Journal of Holocaust Research
    Angaben zur Quelle: 33,4 (2019) 224-237
    Keywords: Auschwitz (Concentration camp) ; Sonderkommandos Interviews ; Sonderkommandos Psychology ; Nazi concentration camps
    Abstract: A detailed analysis of testimonies of the survivors of Auschwitz-Birkenau’s Sonderkommando (Special Squad), which had to assist the SS murderers in perpetrating their crimes of mass murder conducted in Birkenau’s gas chambers, delivers a new insights in the social structure of that very special work Kommando. Differing social, national, cultural and religious backgrounds, as well as the different languages spoken by the members of the Sonderkommando, let to the establishment of different groups within the Kommando. Within and in-between these groups arose a special social dynamic, that oscillated between solidarity and animosity. Central conflicts arose between Polish and Greek Jews and with the Soviet prisoners of war, or between Greek and Hungarian Jews. Another source of conflict was that in order to form the social structure within the camp and the Kommando, the SS established a system of ‘Functionaries.’ As in other parts of the camp, the functionaries of the Sonderkommando made use of their privileges in very different ways: while some supported other prisoners, the resistance movement and the uprising, others are remembered by the survivors as cruel. However, despite all the conflicts and the dreadful reality of the Sonderkommando’s work, the analyzed testimonies of the survivors belonging to different of the groups within the Kommando show, that solidary relations played an important role for the members of the Sonderkommando; not only within the Kommando but also towards prisoners from other parts of the camp. The testimonies show that the solidarity among the Sonderkommando prisoners had many forms: the support of religious Jews to live according to their belief, friendships, the support of weaker or younger prisoners within or without the Kommando, the establishment of a set of rules for the daily conduct and last but not least: the courageous resistance activities that led to the uprising of 7 October 1944.
    Note: In Hebrew: , "דפים לחקר השואה" לג (תשף) 85-101
    DOI: 10.1080/25785648.2019.1666461
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  • 10
    Article
    Article
    My life with Holocaust death. (2020)
    In:  The Journal of Holocaust Research 34,4 (2020) 271-287
    Details
    ISSN: 2578-5648
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2020
    Titel der Quelle: The Journal of Holocaust Research
    Angaben zur Quelle: 34,4 (2020) 271-287
    Keywords: Dachau (Concentration camp) ; Mauthausen (Concentration camp) ; Auschwitz (Concentration camp) ; Nazi concentration camps ; Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) Influence ; Auschwitz Trial, Frankfurt am Main, Germany, 1963-1965
    Abstract: The essay offers a chronological account of my introduction to Holocaust reality, beginning with visits to Dachau in 1955, Mauthausen in 1963 and the main camp at Auschwitz and Auschwitz/Birkenau in 1964, at a time when little was known about the concentration camps and the gassing procedures in the deathcamps. The sites would not become tourist destinations for many years, and in fact at Dachau there were only two other visitors present and at Mauthausen and Auschwitz-Birkenau none. Such a sense of desolation is unrecapturable today, and I was forced to deal with the knowledge that I was standing alone on some of the largest cemeteries in Europe. I focus on how I slowly learned to absorb the magnitude of the catastrophe we call the Holocaust, especially the murder of European Jewry. Viewing the crematorium and small (unused) gas chamber at Dachau, standing inside the used one at Mauthausen, and contemplating the ruins of crematoria and gas chambers at Birkenau quickly teaches one the value and the limitations of the imagination in trying to conjure up the fate of the victims and the cruelty of their killers. I was helped in this endeavor by attending the war crimes trials in the summer of 1964 of SS General Karl Wolff in Munich and an array of Auschwitz personnel at their prolonged trial in Frankfurt. Listening to testimony from shattered survivors while sitting no more than fifty feet away from their tormentors, remorseless creatures like Oswald Kaduk and Wilhelm Boger, left me much to reflect on, and these comprise a large part of the essay. History was made more personal for me by these experiences, and they became an unforgettable foundation for what would eventually become a lifelong effort to find ways of challenging the validity of what still today is often referred to as an unimaginable experience.
    Note: Appeared also in his collected articles "The Afterdeath of the Holocaust" (2021) 15-36.
    DOI: 10.1080/25785648.2020.1824321
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