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  • 1990-1994  (53)
  • 1965-1969  (39)
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  • 1
    Article
    Article
    A contribution to the study of terror in the so-called independent state of Croatia : concentration camps for women in 1941-1942. (1990)
    In:  Yad Vashem Studies 20 (1990) 1-52
    Details
    ISSN: 0084-3296
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 1990
    Titel der Quelle: Yad Vashem Studies
    Angaben zur Quelle: 20 (1990) 1-52
    Keywords: Nazi concentration camps ; Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) ; Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) ; Jewish women in the Holocaust
    Abstract: Surveys anti-Jewish measures and legislation introduced in Croatia by the Ustasha regime, following the promulgation of the special racial statutes in 1941. These included a yellow badge for Jews over the age of 14, confiscation of Jewish property, and deportation to forced labor in concentration camps established between 1941-42. Gives details on the transit camp in Zagreb, and focuses on concentration camps in which most of the inmates were women and children: Kruscica, Lobor, Gornja Rijeka, Dakovo, Tenje. Some of the inmates were transferred to the Jasenovac camp and murdered there or deported to Auschwitz. Mentions, also, the deportation and murder of the Croatian Gypsies. Concludes that besides the huge numbers of Jews and Gypsies murdered in these camps, some 5,000 Jews were deported by the Germans themselves, with the consent of the Croatians.
    Note: See also in Hebrew.
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  • 2
    Article
    Article
    On a mission against all odds : Samuel Zygelbojm in London (April 1942-May 1943). (1990)
    In:  Yad Vashem Studies 20 (1990) 237-271
    Details
    ISSN: 0084-3296
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 1990
    Titel der Quelle: Yad Vashem Studies
    Angaben zur Quelle: 20 (1990) 237-271
    Keywords: Zygielbojm, Szmul, ; Ogólny Żydowski Związek Robotniczy "Bund" w Polsce ; Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) Rescue ; Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) ; Jews History 1939-1945
    Abstract: Based on archival materials (letters, reports), surveys the rescue activities and the suicide (on 12 May 1943) of Szmul Zygielbojm, the Bund representative to the Polish National Council in London. Discusses the dissension between Zygielbojm and other Jewish bodies active in London (e.g. Ignacy Schwarzbart) on the background of the alarming reports he received from Leon Feiner on the annihilation of Polish Jews. Emphasizes Zygielbojm's campaign to mobilize British public opinion and his pressure on the Polish government-in-exile to take practical steps. Notes the crisis of confidence between Zygielbojm and the Polish National Council, provoked especially by its passivity towards antisemitic attacks in the Polish right-wing press even during the deportation of the Jews and the unwillingness of the Polish underground to aid in the Warsaw ghetto uprising. He committed suicide in the hope that his act would break the world's apathy to the destruction of Polish Jewry.
    Note: See also in Hebrew. , Appeared also in "Holocaust; Critical Concepts in Historical Studies" IV (2004).
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  • 3
    Article
    Article
    Memory and violence : local recollections of Jewish persecution during the "Reichskristallnacht". (1990)
    In:  Yad Vashem Studies 20 (1990) 99-114
    Details
    ISSN: 0084-3296
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 1990
    Titel der Quelle: Yad Vashem Studies
    Angaben zur Quelle: 20 (1990) 99-114
    Keywords: Kristallnacht, 1938 ; Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) ; Jews History 1933-1939 ; Jews
    Abstract: Stresses the importance of investigating individual testimonies on the "Kristallnacht" pogrom as a way to uncover the image of the events in the minds of the witnesses. Takes as example the recollections of the pogrom in the village of Baisingen (Württemberg) - a case study in the framework of an anthropological project carried out at Tübingen University, aimed to promote acceptance of the Nazi period as part of one's local history. Notes the dominant tendency of the witnesses to an attitude of non-involvement or indifference in relating the events, and the psychological mechanism of forgetting as a way to avoid remorse and responsibility. Extends the definition of Nazi violence to include bureaucratic institutional behavior, such as ratification of the 1938 anti-Jewish actions by government offices and local authorities.
    Note: On the village of Beisingen. , See also in Hebrew.
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  • 4
    Article
    Article
    Attempts at rescue and revolt : attitude of members of the Dror youth movement in Bedzin to foreign passports as means of rescue. (1990)
    In:  Yad Vashem Studies 20 (1990) 211-236
    Details
    ISSN: 0084-3296
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 1990
    Titel der Quelle: Yad Vashem Studies
    Angaben zur Quelle: 20 (1990) 211-236
    Keywords: Dror (youth movement) ; Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) ; Youth movements, Jewish ; Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) ; Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) Rescue ; Jews ; World War, 1939-1945 Jewish resistance
    Abstract: Discusses the activities of young Zionist leaders from Bedzin who faced the dilemma of choosing between preparations for struggle or escape through rescue efforts supported from abroad. The examination of Bedzin as a case study is facilitated by the large number of letters, diaries, and testimonies that have been preserved. Rescue possibilities were better than in other places due to the proximity to Slovakia, and contacts with Zionist groups from Czestochowa in the General Government. The options were emigration to Palestine, escape to Slovakia, or obtaining foreign passports through the aid of the Geneva rescue office. Analyzes the rescue efforts of the Dror and other Zionist youth movements during the period of deportations and Nazi "actions" in 1942-43, and their revolt in August 1943.
    Note: See also in Hebrew.
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  • 5
    Article
    Article
    The fateful decision : the flight of the Jews into the Soviet interior in the summer of 1941. (1990)
    In:  Yad Vashem Studies 20 (1990) 115-142
    Details
    ISSN: 0084-3296
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 1990
    Titel der Quelle: Yad Vashem Studies
    Angaben zur Quelle: 20 (1990) 115-142
    Keywords: Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945)
    Abstract: Describes the difficult situation of the Jewish populations of the Ukraine, Belarus, Moldavia, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and districts in Russia after the outbreak of the war. Mentions that the Soviet decision of 27 June 1941 to evacuate came too late, when large parts of these territories had already been occupied by the German army. There was confusion among the Jews facing the decision to stay or to follow the Red Army in its retreat. Success in escaping was determined by the attitudes of local authorities toward evacuation, the interdiction to abandon work posts, the shortage of means of transportation, preferential treatment accorded to state officials and their families, and the refusal of many Soviet border authorities to allow border crossings. The total number of Jewish escapees and evacuees from western Poland and the German-annexed areas is estimated at 140,000-170,000.
    Note: Appeared in Russian as "Судьбоносное решение: бегство евреев во внутренние районы СССР летом 1941 года" in "Яд Вашем; исследования" 1 (2009) 43-71.
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  • 6
    Article
    Article
    Diaries of the "Sonderkommandos" in Auschwitz : coping with fate and reality. (1990)
    In:  Yad Vashem Studies 20 (1990) 273-312
    Details
    ISSN: 0084-3296
    Language: French
    Year of publication: 1990
    Titel der Quelle: Yad Vashem Studies
    Angaben zur Quelle: 20 (1990) 273-312
    Keywords: Auschwitz (Concentration camp) ; Nazi concentration camps ; Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) Personal narratives
    Abstract: Deals with the diaries written in Yiddish by three Sonderkommando men - Zalman Gradowski, Zalman Levental, and Leib Langfus. All three buried their notes near the crematoria prior to their execution. Sketches their biographies and Jewish religious background, analyzing the diaries in order to explain how they coped with the realities they faced, how they perceived their own fate, how their religiosity affected their behavior and relations with other inmates. Remarks on the importance of their testimonies on some events which they witnessed, such as the liquidation of the "family camp" of Czech Jews on 8 March 1944; the execution of 200 members of the Sonderkommando in September 1944; the execution of transports of children and women; numerical data of prisoners gassed in October 1944. All three were involved in underground activities and in preparation of the uprising. Explores psychological and moral aspects associated with the accomplishment of their "tasks", their relations with the victims, their remarks on the Nazis' sadism, and their reflections on the fate of the Jewish people.
    Note: Another version appeared in "Anatomy of the Auschwitz Death Camp" (1994). In French: "Revue d'Histoire de la Shoah" 171 (2001) and in "Des voix sous la cendre" (2008) 465-515. In Hebrew: , "אושוויץ; אנטומיה של מחנה מוות" (תשסג)
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  • 7
    Article
    Article
    "A year of extermination" : a document on the attitude of the Yishuv in Eretz-Israel toward youth movements in Europe during the Holocaust. (1990)
    In:  Yad Vashem Studies 20 (1990) 143-160
    Details
    ISSN: 0084-3296
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 1990
    Titel der Quelle: Yad Vashem Studies
    Angaben zur Quelle: 20 (1990) 143-160
    Keywords: Neustadt (Noy), Melech. ; Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) Foreign public opinion, Eretz Israel ; Youth movements, Jewish ; Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945)
    Abstract: Analyzes the booklet entitled "Shnat hashmadah" ["A Year of Extermination"], published in December 1943 in Tel Aviv by Melech Neustadt (Noy), political secretary of the World Federation of Poalei Zion. It gave an overview of the Yishuv's activities on behalf of the Zionist youth movements in the Nazi-occupied countries. Neustadt's critical appraisal concluded that in the first years of the war the assistance efforts of the Yishuv were unsystematic and disorganized due to the assumption that the help could not reach the Jews. The report signified a different perception of the situation of European Jewry and a more comprehensive opinion on the resistance and heroism of the underground organizations, contesting the traditional patronizing attitude of the Yishuv's leaders. Their response did not correspond with the hopes of the Jewish youth organizations engaged in anti-Nazi resistance.
    Note: On a booklet by Melech Neustadt (Noy), "Shnat Hashmada", 1943. , See also in Hebrew.
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  • 8
    Article
    Article
    The founding and activity of the Hehalutz-Histadrut Rescue Center in Geneva, 1939-1942. (1990)
    In:  Yad Vashem Studies 20 (1990) 161-210
    Details
    ISSN: 0084-3296
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 1990
    Titel der Quelle: Yad Vashem Studies
    Angaben zur Quelle: 20 (1990) 161-210
    Keywords: Hechalutz (Organization) ; Jews History 1939-1945 ; Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) Rescue ; Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) Foreign public opinion, Eretz Israel ; Youth movements, Jewish ; Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945)
    Abstract: Preparations for establishing the Rescue Center began in September 1939 but were slowed down by difficulties in reconciling the different orientations of the Yishuv and other Zionist organizations. Notes efforts made by Nathan Schwalb, of the World Hehalutz Center, to found the liaison office in Geneva, in the face of the tendency of the Yishuv leadership, until 1942, to reduce its operating expenses there. Describes various forms of rescue activities, such as maintaining contact with the Zionist organizations under Nazi rule; collecting information on the fate of the Jewish communities; sending parcels; organizing illegal border crossings; transferring funds to subsidize the halutz organizations in occupied countries. Concludes that, due to the dedicated work of the representatives of the Zionist Labor Movement in Geneva, the Center served as a focus of contacts, relief, and rescue for European Jews, despite the tardy reaction and insufficient responsiveness of the Yishuv's institutions.
    Note: See also in Hebrew.
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  • 9
    Article
    Article
    Hitler's direct influence on decisions affecting Jews during World War II. (1990)
    In:  Yad Vashem Studies 20 (1990) 53-68
    Details
    ISSN: 0084-3296
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 1990
    Titel der Quelle: Yad Vashem Studies
    Angaben zur Quelle: 20 (1990) 53-68
    Keywords: Hitler, Adolf, Political and social views ; Antisemitism History 1933-1945 ; Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) ; Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) History ; National socialism Historiography
    Abstract: Relates to different opinions, which were expressed at the Stuttgart conference of historians held in May 1984, in regard to Hitler's direct involvement in the Final Solution. Surveys Nazi sources which recorded Hitler's concrete positions and orders concerning the fate of the Jews (e.g. the treatment of "Mischlinge", the status of Jews in the Greater Reich, the deportation of Hungarian Jews). Emphasizes Hitler's great concern for secrecy about the Nazi policies regarding Europe's Jews. Refuting the arguments presented of Hitler's passive role in the Final Solution, concludes that he actually monitored and controlled the liquidation of the Jewish population.
    Note: Appeared in Polish in "Dzieje Najnowsze" 25,1 (1993) 31-39. In Hebrew: , יד ושם; קובץ מחקרים כ (תשן) 43-55
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  • 10
    Article
    Article
    The Jewish educational system in Romania during World War II (1940-1944). (1990)
    In:  Yad Vashem Studies 20 (1990) 313-336
    Details
    ISSN: 0084-3296
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 1990
    Titel der Quelle: Yad Vashem Studies
    Angaben zur Quelle: 20 (1990) 313-336
    Keywords: Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) ; Jews Education
    Abstract: In October 1940 all Jewish students were banned from Romanian educational institutions and Jewish teachers were not allowed to teach in Romanian schools. The Jewish community reorganized its educational system, establishing communal and private schools, and four colleges in Bucharest. Hebrew education in wartime was strengthened due to the efforts of the Romanian Zionist organization, headed by Moshe Benvenisti, until early 1944 when Zionist leaders and Hebrew teachers were arrested. A number of pupils and teachers were attacked or murdered by Iron Guard supporters; others were deported to Transnistria. Gives figures on Jewish education in Czernowitz and in the ghettos of Transnistria. Explains the existence of this unique Jewish education network by the lobbying efforts of Jewish leaders, such as W. Filderman and Rabbi A. Şafran, and by the opportunism of Antonescu and other Romanian leaders who were interested in avoiding a complete rupture with Western countries.
    Note: Appeared in Hebrew in "Yad Vashem" 20, 1990.
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