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  • 1
    Article
    Article
    In:  The Oxford Handbook of the Septuagint (2021) 73-80
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2021
    Titel der Quelle: The Oxford Handbook of the Septuagint
    Angaben zur Quelle: (2021) 73-80
    Keywords: Bible. Versions ; Septuagint ; Bible Versions ; History ; Jews History To 70 A.D. ; Jews Languages ; History ; Greek language History
    Abstract: The history of both Palestine and the regions forming the Diaspora is one of changing political power and rivalry between empires. For many Jews living in these areas the change in ruler had little effect on daily life. The one noticeable difference would have been the rise in the use of Greek, which would especially have been stimulated in Judea by the Hasmonean and Herodian courts. In such a context translation into Greek could have been possible, and the later a translation is placed in the Second Temple period the greater chance it could have been translated outside of Egypt. However, for the Diaspora communities our evidence is scant and nothing more than speculation is feasible, although social circumstances render translation there a possibility.
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  • 2
    Article
    Article
    In:  The Oxford Handbook of the Septuagint (2021) 459-467
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2021
    Titel der Quelle: The Oxford Handbook of the Septuagint
    Angaben zur Quelle: (2021) 459-467
    Keywords: Aquila, ; Bible. Versions ; History ; Bible. Versions ; Aquila ; Hexapla Criticism, interpretation, etc.
    Abstract: Subsequent to its inclusion in Origen’s Hexapla, the text of the biblical translation ascribed to Aquila, who according to both patristic and rabbinic testimony was a convert to Judaism, has been transmitted only fragmentarily in Greek. Isolated readings from Aquila’s version are cited in Greek in the margins of LXX manuscripts and in patristic works, but also in Hebrew translation in rabbinic literature. The discoveries of the Cairo Genizah and of the Hebraizing recension reflected in the Naḥal Ḥever Minor Prophets scroll have made possible a fresh look at Aquila’s translational approach and the transmission of his version, as well as the history of its reception among both Jews and Christians.
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  • 3
    Article
    Article
    In:  The Oxford Handbook of the Septuagint (2021) 691-705
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2021
    Titel der Quelle: The Oxford Handbook of the Septuagint
    Angaben zur Quelle: (2021) 691-705
    Keywords: Bible. Versions ; Septuagint ; History ; Bible Versions 20th century ; History ; Bible Versions 21st century ; History
    Abstract: The chapter presents the current situation of translations of the Septuagint in European languages. The focus lies on the following projects: La Bible d’Alexandrie, the New English Translation of the Septuagint, Septuaginta Deutsch, La Biblia griega—Septuaginta, La Bibbia dei Settanta. The first section addresses general features of these translations, the second section deals with methodological decisions underlying the translations, the third focuses on specific problems of translating the Septuagint (Hebraisms, Greek of Ptolemaic Egypt, difficult expressions). Finally, the fourth section touches upon notes and comments on Septuagint translations.
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  • 4
    Article
    Article
    In:  The Oxford Handbook of the Septuagint (2021) 745-757
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2021
    Titel der Quelle: The Oxford Handbook of the Septuagint
    Angaben zur Quelle: (2021) 745-757
    Keywords: Bible. Versions ; Septuagint ; Bible Illustrations ; Bible Manuscripts, Greek
    Abstract: The chapter provides a brief overview of illustrated Greek manuscripts of the Bible, starting from Late Antiquity until the end of the Byzantine Empire. It outlines different, often conflicting, hypotheses on the origins, development, and transmission of the illustrative cycles in Byzantine Bibles. The material is organized according to the diverse biblical textual units preserved in illustrated Byzantine manuscripts. The chapter traces connections between codices, and continuity in the use of pictorial vocabulary. At the same time, it flags diverse approaches to illustrating the biblical text, from literal illustrations through to highly symbolic visual exegesis.
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  • 5
    Article
    Article
    In:  The Oxford Handbook of the Septuagint (2021) 623-638
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2021
    Titel der Quelle: The Oxford Handbook of the Septuagint
    Angaben zur Quelle: (2021) 623-638
    Keywords: Bible. Translations into Latin ; Bible. Versions ; History
    Abstract: The translations of the Old Testament into Latin, from c.200 ce onwards, were based on the LXX rather than the Hebrew. Due to the eventual triumph of Jerome’s translation according to the Hebrew (later known as the Vulgate), the witnesses to the Old Latin (Vetus Latina) are poorly preserved, but this latter text was the one that was quoted and commented on by the Latin Church fathers, who in turn frequently use commentaries by Greek fathers on the LXX. In this way the Old Latin acts as a link between the LXX and the Latin fathers. The early texts of the LXX sometimes differ from the textus receptus, and consequently also their Latin translations. Differences may be local or great, e.g. the order of chapters in Exodus, Jeremiah, Daniel, and Proverbs. Qumran has shown that some of these differences are attested in Hebrew. The Old Latin translated from the Old Greek (whether preserved or not) represents a form of the Old Testament distinct from the Masoretic Text.
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  • 6
    Article
    Article
    In:  The Oxford Handbook of the Septuagint (2021) 121-134
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2021
    Titel der Quelle: The Oxford Handbook of the Septuagint
    Angaben zur Quelle: (2021) 121-134
    Keywords: Letter of Aristeas Criticism, interpretation, etc.
    Abstract: Even though the Letter of Aristeas was unmasked as a pseudepigraphon over 400 years ago, the question of its value as a historical source continues to dominate the field of Septuagint Studies. First, this chapter discusses how the genre of the Letter of Aristeas is actually a mix of historiography, rhetorical display, Hellenistic philosophy, and biblical wisdom literature. Next, it discusses several recent approaches to the problem of historicity: the search for a kernel of historical truth in the Letter, the application of insights from the study of ancient historiography, and the Letter as a source for the reception history of the Septuagint. Finally, it addresses the identification of the Aristeas story as a social myth of Alexandrian Jewish society.
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  • 7
    Article
    Article
    In:  The Oxford Handbook of the Septuagint (2021) 183-200
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2021
    Titel der Quelle: The Oxford Handbook of the Septuagint
    Angaben zur Quelle: (2021) 183-200
    Keywords: Bible. Versions ; Septuagint ; Bible. Translating
    Abstract: The impetus behind the translation of the Pentateuch likely emanated from a well-educated sector of the Jewish community, whose members were not unfamiliar with the Hebrew original. The translation’s language style adheres closely enough to Semitic syntax and idiom to suggest that the original’s words were never expected to be lost from view. Being the first undertaking of its kind, the translated Pentateuch is filled with renderings that speak of a spontaneous, creative procedure in which various strategies were attempted. The extent to which the Greek Pentateuch would have functioned as a theological guide for Hellenistic Judaism is not clear. Some parts do exhibit interpretive shifts, while others simply defy being counted as Torah in Greek. The Greek Pentateuch was known to later translators who depended in varying degrees upon its vocabulary.
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  • 8
    Article
    Article
    In:  The Oxford Handbook of the Septuagint (2021) 235-243
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2021
    Titel der Quelle: The Oxford Handbook of the Septuagint
    Angaben zur Quelle: (2021) 235-243
    Keywords: Bible. Versions ; Septuagint ; Bible. Criticism, Textual
    Abstract: ‘Paralipomena’ is the Greek title for what in English is known as the books of Chronicles. The name means ‘things omitted’, i.e. in relation to the contents of the books of Kings, to which it was seens as a complement in antiquity. The division into two books has always existed in the Greek as far as we know and was introduced into Hebrew editions only in modern times. There are two main textual traditions, the Old Greek, and the Antiochian or Lucianic recension. The precise relationship of Paralipomena to the Hebrew Samuel–Kings and Greek 1–4 Kingdoms and to 1 and 2 Esdras is complex and not easily resolved.
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  • 9
    Article
    Article
    In:  The Oxford Handbook of the Septuagint (2021) 275-289
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2021
    Titel der Quelle: The Oxford Handbook of the Septuagint
    Angaben zur Quelle: (2021) 275-289
    Keywords: Bible. Septuagint ; Criticism, Textual ; Bible. Versions ; Septuagint ; Papyrus 967 Criticism, interpretation, etc.
    Abstract: The twentieth century was most important for the study of Greek Ezekiel, starting with the pioneering work of Thackeray which set the tone for further research. He launched the multiple-translator theory, which tended to dominate research on Ezekiel for decades. He also isolated Ezek. 36:23c–38 as a separate unit from the surrounding text, which later seemed corroborated by the omission of this pericope in Papyrus 967. The more the century progressed, the more Greek Ezekiel generated renewed scholarly interest, owing largely to the publication of Papyrus 967: the authenticity of nomina sacra gained new interest, the minuses and transposition in this papyrus seriously raised the question of a variant literary edition, the messianic tendencies in the Septuagint version needed to be reassessed. Crucial and still an ongoing question in the research of the Septuagint of Ezekiel is the issue of distinguishing the Vorlage from the translator’s contributions. Skopostheorie, focusing on the goals of the translator, has opened new venues of research, as evidenced in Ezekiel chs. 40–8.
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  • 10
    Article
    Article
    In:  The Oxford Handbook of the Septuagint (2021) 353-368
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2021
    Titel der Quelle: The Oxford Handbook of the Septuagint
    Angaben zur Quelle: (2021) 353-368
    Keywords: Bible. Translating ; Bible. Versions ; Septuagint
    Abstract: For a long time the LXX translation of the book of Proverbs has puzzled scholars by its translation technique, which produced a literary version embellished with relatively free renderings, together with omissions, additions, doublets, and differently ordered sections. These peculiar features have raised on the one hand an ongoing debate on the value of LXX Proverbs for text-critical purposes, and on the other, much enquiry regarding the translator’s education and the cultural interplay between Hellenism and Judaism reflected in the rendering. A further challenge to those working on the book in either its Hebrew or LXX form is presented by the difficulties in distinguishing recensional readings, including Hexaplaric material, from the Old Greek.
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