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  • 1
    Article
    Article
    In:  The Oxford Handbook of the Septuagint (2021) 385-402
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2021
    Titel der Quelle: The Oxford Handbook of the Septuagint
    Angaben zur Quelle: (2021) 385-402
    Keywords: Bible Canon ; History ; Apocryphal books Criticism, interpretation, etc. ; Post-biblical literature History and criticism
    Abstract: The terms ‘deuterocanonical’ (a later, Catholic, term) or ‘apocryphal’ (used by early Church writers) are popularly used to refer to religious books from the Judeo-Christian tradition perceived as having a lower status than those books regarded as normative for doctrine. Both ‘deuterocanonical’ and ‘apocryphal’ imply the recognition of a contrasting fixed group of authoritative scriptural works, with which the ‘deuterocanonical’ and ‘apocryphal’ books are associated. This chapter focuses on books transmitted in early Greek Christian pandect Bibles and associated with the LXX corpus, but whose status was debated within Christian circles and largely unrecognized by rabbinic Judaism. It explores the original language, date, Greek text form, and witnesses to those complete books most commonly listed in modern times as deuterocanonical, along with some semi-independent works including the Letter of Jeremiah, the Prayer of Manasseh, and Psalm 151. (The additions to Esther, Daniel, and Jeremiah are covered in Chapters 18, 20, and 22 in this volume, on Jeremiah, Daniel, and the Megillot respectively.)
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  • 2
    Article
    Article
    In:  The Oxford Handbook of the Septuagint (2021) 459-467
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2021
    Titel der Quelle: The Oxford Handbook of the Septuagint
    Angaben zur Quelle: (2021) 459-467
    Keywords: Aquila, ; Bible. Versions ; History ; Bible. Versions ; Aquila ; Hexapla Criticism, interpretation, etc.
    Abstract: Subsequent to its inclusion in Origen’s Hexapla, the text of the biblical translation ascribed to Aquila, who according to both patristic and rabbinic testimony was a convert to Judaism, has been transmitted only fragmentarily in Greek. Isolated readings from Aquila’s version are cited in Greek in the margins of LXX manuscripts and in patristic works, but also in Hebrew translation in rabbinic literature. The discoveries of the Cairo Genizah and of the Hebraizing recension reflected in the Naḥal Ḥever Minor Prophets scroll have made possible a fresh look at Aquila’s translational approach and the transmission of his version, as well as the history of its reception among both Jews and Christians.
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  • 3
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2021
    Titel der Quelle: The Oxford Handbook of the Septuagint
    Angaben zur Quelle: (2021) 501-519
    Keywords: Soncino, Eliezer B. Gershom, ; Bible. Versions ; History ; Bible Manuscripts, Greek ; Polyglot Bibles History
    Abstract: The Late Antique period was characterized both by textual plurality of the Hebrew Bible and numerous concomitantly circulating translations of the Scripture into Greek. Scholars tend to agree that with increasing standardization of the Hebrew Bible and the emergence of the Masoretic Text (MT), editorial activity in the field of Greek translations concentrated on creating the versions that were closer to Hebrew. Numerous attempts have been undertaken to establish whether the emergence of new versions caused older ones to be forgotten; which of the Greek translations continued to enjoy popularity among the Greek-speaking Jews in post-Hellenistic times; and what was the ultimate fate of these translations. The present chapter surveys the afterlife of Greek biblical texts in Byzantine and medieval Jewish communities.
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  • 4
    Article
    Article
    In:  The Oxford Handbook of the Septuagint (2021) 275-289
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2021
    Titel der Quelle: The Oxford Handbook of the Septuagint
    Angaben zur Quelle: (2021) 275-289
    Keywords: Bible. Septuagint ; Criticism, Textual ; Bible. Versions ; Septuagint ; Papyrus 967 Criticism, interpretation, etc.
    Abstract: The twentieth century was most important for the study of Greek Ezekiel, starting with the pioneering work of Thackeray which set the tone for further research. He launched the multiple-translator theory, which tended to dominate research on Ezekiel for decades. He also isolated Ezek. 36:23c–38 as a separate unit from the surrounding text, which later seemed corroborated by the omission of this pericope in Papyrus 967. The more the century progressed, the more Greek Ezekiel generated renewed scholarly interest, owing largely to the publication of Papyrus 967: the authenticity of nomina sacra gained new interest, the minuses and transposition in this papyrus seriously raised the question of a variant literary edition, the messianic tendencies in the Septuagint version needed to be reassessed. Crucial and still an ongoing question in the research of the Septuagint of Ezekiel is the issue of distinguishing the Vorlage from the translator’s contributions. Skopostheorie, focusing on the goals of the translator, has opened new venues of research, as evidenced in Ezekiel chs. 40–8.
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  • 5
    Article
    Article
    In:  The Oxford Handbook of the Septuagint (2021) 337-352
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2021
    Titel der Quelle: The Oxford Handbook of the Septuagint
    Angaben zur Quelle: (2021) 337-352
    Keywords: Bible. Septuagint ; Criticism, Textual ; Bible. Translating
    Abstract: The LXX Psalms, dating from the second or the first century bce, is one of the most frequently discussed books in Septuagint studies. The chapter assesses major theories and recent developments in studies regarding the date and provenance of the translation, discusses its Sitz im Leben, gives an overview and emphasizes the importance of textual criticism of the Hebrew as well as the Greek text for scholarly work, presents translation models employed, with an emphasis on the Interlinear Paradigm, but also delves into specific details regarding the literal translation technique in the Psalms. The question whether and in what sense the translators’ theological background and milieu has influenced his translation is discussed. In the end the dependence of the Pentateuch on the Psalms and the extensive use of LXX Psalms in later Jewish and Christian literature is briefly presented.
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  • 6
    Article
    Article
    In:  The Oxford Handbook of the Septuagint (2021) 405-433
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2021
    Titel der Quelle: The Oxford Handbook of the Septuagint
    Angaben zur Quelle: (2021) 405-433
    Keywords: Philo, Criticism and interpretation ; Bible Criticism, interpretation, etc., Jewish Post-exilic period, 586 B.C.-210 A.D. ; History ; Bible. Versions ; Septuagint ; Bible Quotations in post-biblical literature
    Abstract: This chapter deals with the fundamental place of the LXX in the writings of Philo of Alexandria, with particular attention to the treatment of the LXX text in the following: (1) the Questions and Answers on Genesis and Exodus; (2) the Allegorical Commentary; (3) the Exposition of the Law; (4) the Life of Moses Books 1–2. It also discusses questions of Philo’s citation practice; terminology applied to Jewish sacred books; the transmission history of Philo’s scriptural citations; his presentation of the translation of the books of Moses on the island of Pharos (Mos. 2.25–44); his use of etymologies; and his knowledge of Hebrew.
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  • 7
    Article
    Article
    In:  The Oxford Handbook of the Septuagint (2021) 469-479
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2021
    Titel der Quelle: The Oxford Handbook of the Septuagint
    Angaben zur Quelle: (2021) 469-479
    Keywords: Symmachus ; Bible. Versions ; History ; Bible. Versions ; Aquila ; Hexapla Criticism, interpretation, etc.
    Abstract: The discussion of the third of the Jewish revisers, Symmachus, focuses on the questions of authorship, religious affiliation, and political purposes of his Greek translation/revision of the Hebrew Bible. Special attention is given to the idea that this Symmachus was identical to a pupil of Rabbi Meir. Furthermore the motives behind the new revision are explored: it may well be that this new Greek version of the Hebrew Bible not only sought to bring the Old Greek translations into closer agreement with the standardized Hebrew text (MT) and accommodate the unintelligible Greek version of Aquila to a more lucid and understandable Greek text. The translation may also have tried to convey a policy of quietism and cohabitation with the Roman Empire as opposed to the more militant and messianic overtones in the works of its predecessors.
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  • 8
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2021
    Titel der Quelle: The Oxford Handbook of the Septuagint
    Angaben zur Quelle: (2021) 421-433
    Keywords: Josephus, Flavius Language ; Bible. Versions ; Septuagint
    Abstract: The primary concern of the present chapter is to establish what the Greek Bible meant for Josephus. We ask how his own Greek version of the Bible was facilitated by the Septuagint, or rather by Greek translations current in his day, and more precisely how far we can establish whether such texts underlie his own presentation. At the same time, any such investigation will also tell us important things about the fate and fortunes of LXX, above all within first-century Judaism. There is much more in this exploration than just the occasional light that Josephus’s renderings have shed on the history of the versions, though it is for textual evidence that Josephus has mainly been invoked in LXX scholarship.
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  • 9
    Article
    Article
    In:  The Oxford Handbook of the Septuagint (2021) 745-757
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2021
    Titel der Quelle: The Oxford Handbook of the Septuagint
    Angaben zur Quelle: (2021) 745-757
    Keywords: Bible. Versions ; Septuagint ; Bible Illustrations ; Bible Manuscripts, Greek
    Abstract: The chapter provides a brief overview of illustrated Greek manuscripts of the Bible, starting from Late Antiquity until the end of the Byzantine Empire. It outlines different, often conflicting, hypotheses on the origins, development, and transmission of the illustrative cycles in Byzantine Bibles. The material is organized according to the diverse biblical textual units preserved in illustrated Byzantine manuscripts. The chapter traces connections between codices, and continuity in the use of pictorial vocabulary. At the same time, it flags diverse approaches to illustrating the biblical text, from literal illustrations through to highly symbolic visual exegesis.
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  • 10
    Article
    Article
    In:  The Oxford Handbook of the Septuagint (2021) 321-335
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2021
    Titel der Quelle: The Oxford Handbook of the Septuagint
    Angaben zur Quelle: (2021) 321-335
    Keywords: Bible. Versions ; Septuagint ; Bible. Criticism, Textual
    Abstract: This chapter discusses the primary ancient Greek versions of a group of five books in the Hebrew canon that are called the Megillot or Scrolls. Each book in this collection—which consists of Ruth, Song of Songs, Ecclesiastes, Lamentations, and Esther—is associated with the commemoration of a different event in the Jewish liturgical calendar. In the Septuagint, as transmitted by the Church, these books are not grouped together and there is no specific linkage to that liturgical practice. There are, however, some commonalities among the Greek versions, particularly with respect to certain aspects of the translation and transmission histories of most of them, that create some sense of connection, despite the diversity of their content. This has to do specifically with the so-called Kaige tradition, which features a translation approach marked by a significant degree of formal equivalence to the Semitic source text and distinctive translation equivalents.
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