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  • Bauer, Yehuda  (25)
  • War crime trials  (24)
  • 1
    Article
    Article
    L'Allemagne nazie et le génocide juif. (1985)
    In:  L'Allemagne nazie et le génocide juif (1985)
    Details
    ISBN: 2020089858
    Language: French
    Year of publication: 1985
    Titel der Quelle: L'Allemagne nazie et le génocide juif
    Angaben zur Quelle: (1985)
    Keywords: Hitler, Adolf, ; Arendt, Hannah, ; Auschwitz (Concentration camp) ; Gas chambers ; Jews Persecutions 1933-1945 ; History ; Jews History 1933-1939 ; National socialism Philosophy ; Nazi concentration camps ; Jews History 20th century ; Jews History 1918-1945 ; Jews History 20th century ; Antisemitism History 20th century ; Jewish councils History 20th century ; Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) ; Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) ; Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) Catholic Church ; Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) Historiography ; Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) Statistics ; Racism History ; Antisemitism History 1871-1918 ; Antisemitism History 1918-1933 ; Anti-Jewish propaganda History 19th century ; Anti-Jewish propaganda History 20th century ; Protestant churches Relations ; Judaism ; Christianity and other religions Judaism 1945- ; History ; Judaism Relations 20th century ; Christianity ; Judaism Relations 1945- ; Christianity ; Nuremberg Trial of Major German War Criminals, Nuremberg, Germany, 1945-1946 ; War crime trials ; World War, 1939-1945 Jewish resistance ; World War, 1939-1945 Diplomatic history ; Holocaust denial
    Description / Table of Contents: Poliakov, Léon. Unicité du racisme allemand. 39-52.
    Description / Table of Contents: Sternhell, Zeev. Anthropologie et politique; les avatars du darwinisme social au tournant du siècle. 53-75.
    Description / Table of Contents: Volkov, Shulamit. Le texte et la parole; de l'antisémitisme d'avant 1914 à l'antisémitisme nazi. [Appeared in English as "The written matter and the spoken word: on the gap between pre-1914 and Nazi anti-Semitism" in "Unanswered Questions; Nazi Germany and the Genocide of the Jews" (1989) 33-53. Distinguishes between the written and the spoken antisemitic propaganda in Germany during the Second Reich and the Weimar period (1871-1933).] 76-98.
    Description / Table of Contents: Jäckel, Eberhard. L'élimination des Juifs dans le programme de Hitler. 101-116.
    Description / Table of Contents: Schleunes, Karl A.. Un tortueux itinéraire; les politiques nazies envers les Juifs allemands (1933-1939). [Appeared in English as "Retracting the twisted road: Nazi policies toward German Jews, 1933-1939" in "Unanswered Questions; Nazi Germany and the Genocide of the Jews" (1989) 54-70.] 117-133.
    Description / Table of Contents: Thalmann, Rita R.. L'antisémitisme en Europe occidentale et les réactions face aux persécutions nazies des Juifs pendant les années trente. 134-158.
    Description / Table of Contents: Mendelsohn, Ezra. Relations entre Juifs et non-Juifs en Europe orientale dans l'entre-deux-guerres. [Appeared in English as "Relations between Jews and non-Jews in Eastern Europe between the two World Wars" in "Unanswered Questions; Nazi Germany and the Genocide of the Jews" (1989) 71-83.] 159-172.
    Description / Table of Contents: Adam, Uwe Dietrich. Les mesures nazies concernant les Juifs du début de la Seconde Guerre mondiale jusqu'à l'attaque allemande contre l'URSS. [Appeared in English as "Nazi actions concerning the Jews between the beginning of World War II and the German attack on the USSR" in "Unanswered Questions; Nazi Germany and the Genocide of the Jews" (1989) 84-95.] 177-189.
    Description / Table of Contents: Browning, Christopher Robert. La décision concernant la Solution Finale. [Appeared in English as "The decision concerning the Final Solution" in "Unanswered Questions; Nazi Germany and the Genocide of the Jews" (1989) 96-118.] 190-216.
    Description / Table of Contents: Hilberg, Raul. La bureaucratie de la Solution Finale. [Appeared in English as "The bureaucracy of annihilation" in "Unanswered Questions; Nazi Germany and the Genocide of the Jews" (1989) 119-133, and in his collected articles "The Anatomy of the Holocaust" (2020) 50-69. Appeared in German as "Die Bürokratie der Vernichtung" in "Anatomie des Holocaust" (2016) 71-97.] 219-235.
    Description / Table of Contents: Adam, Uwe Dietrich. Les chambres à gaz. [Appeared in English as "The gas chambers" in "Unanswered Questions; Nazi Germany and the Genocide of the Jews" (1989) 134-154.] 236-261.
    Description / Table of Contents: Hilberg, Raul. Le bilan démographique du génocide. [Appeared in English as "The statistic" in "Unanswered Questions; Nazi Germany and the Genocide of the Jews" (1989) 155-171.] 262-282.
    Description / Table of Contents: Vago, Bela. Les réactions à la politique antijuive des nazis en Europe centre-orientale et dans les Balkans. [Appeared in English as "The reaction to the Nazi anti-Jewish policy in East-Central Europe and in the Balkans" in "Unanswered Questions; Nazi Germany and the Genocide of the Jews" (1989) 199-234.] 316-355.
    Description / Table of Contents: Wasserstein, Bernard. Alliés et neutres face à la politique nazie. 356-372.
    Description / Table of Contents: Rémond, René. Les Eglises et la persécution des Juifs pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale. 375-403.
    Description / Table of Contents: Bauer, Yehuda. Résistance et passivité juives face à l'holocauste. [Appeared in English as "Jewish resistance and passivity in the face of the Holocaust" in "Unanswered Questions; Nazi Germany and the Genocide of the Jews" (1989) 235-251.] 404-419.
    Description / Table of Contents: Braham, Randolph L.. Les conseils juifs; un aperçu. [Appeared in English as "The Jewish Councils; an overview" in "Unanswered Questions; Nazi Germany and the Genocide of the Jews" (1989) 252-274.] 420-442.
    Description / Table of Contents: Errera, Roger. Nuremberg - le droit et l'histoire (1945-1985). 447-464.
    Description / Table of Contents: Vidal-Naquet, Pierre. Thèses sur le révisionnisme. [Appeared also in his "Les Assassins de la Mémoire" (1987). Appeared in English as "Theses on revisionism" in "Unanswered Questions; Nazi Germany and the Genocide of the Jews" (1989) 304-319.] 496-516.
    Description / Table of Contents: Lefort, Claude. Hannah Arendt et le totalitarisme. 517-535.
    Description / Table of Contents: Pressac, Jean-Claude. Etude et réalisation des Krematorien IV et V d'Auschwitz-Birkenau. 539-584.
    Note: The following are articles which did not appear in other sources than those mentioned here.
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  • 2
    Article
    Article
    Nach den Wurzeln des Bösen fragen. (2015)
    In:  Asche auf vereisten Wegen (2015) 151-160
    Details
    ISBN: 9783894382636
    Language: German
    Year of publication: 2015
    Titel der Quelle: Asche auf vereisten Wegen
    Angaben zur Quelle: (2015) 151-160
    Keywords: Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) Moral and ethical aspects ; Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) Influence ; War crime trials
    Note: A lecture given on February 5th, 1964.
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  • 3
    Article
    Article
    Reflections on an academic path : the inspiration of a teacher and mentor. (2022)
    In:  The Journal of Holocaust Research 36,1 (2022) 7-15
    Details
    ISSN: 2578-5648
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2022
    Titel der Quelle: The Journal of Holocaust Research
    Angaben zur Quelle: 36,1 (2022) 7-15
    Keywords: Bauer, Yehuda ; Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) Research
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  • 4
    Article
    Article
    Yehuda Bauer and the International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance (IHRA). (2022)
    In:  The Journal of Holocaust Research 36,1 (2022) 24-29
    Details
    ISSN: 2578-5648
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2022
    Titel der Quelle: The Journal of Holocaust Research
    Angaben zur Quelle: 36,1 (2022) 24-29
    Keywords: Bauer, Yehuda ; International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance ; Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) Study and teaching
    Abstract: Professor Yehuda Bauer is a world-renowned scholar of the Holocaust, antisemitism, and genocide. Nevertheless, his activities and impact in public policy have become a major focus of his efforts, particularly in recent years. This article examines Bauer's impact on perhaps the most prominent of these efforts: that of the International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance (IHRA). The IHRA has become a major factor in international Holocaust remembrance and in combating antisemitism. Drawing on conversations with Bauer and close colleagues from academia and diplomacy in IHRA, as well as their personal experience, with one of the authors being a longstanding student and colleague (Porat) and the other being involved with IHRA since its inception 20 years ago (Weitzman), the authors describe Bauer's role as the “founding father” of the IHRA, how the organization began, the specific and unique nature of the IHRA, and Bauer's role in two of the IHRA's most important achievements: the Working Definition of Holocaust Denial and Distortion and the Working Definition of Antisemitism. We also briefly discuss some of the issues and challenges that the IHRA has experienced as part of its growth from the original five members to its current configuration of 35 countries and Bauer's assessment of where the IHRA stands now and its possible future.
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  • 5
    Article
    Article
    Solidarity, hope, and wrestling with God : the perspective of the will for life of the Jewish people in modern times as a major theme in Yehuda Bauer’s historiography. (2022)
    In:  The Journal of Holocaust Research 36,1 (2022) 60-67
    Details
    ISSN: 2578-5648
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2022
    Titel der Quelle: The Journal of Holocaust Research
    Angaben zur Quelle: 36,1 (2022) 60-67
    Keywords: Bauer, Yehuda ; Jews History ; Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) Research
    Abstract: Yehuda Bauer is well known for his public leadership in Holocaust and genocide studies. This article, however, sheds light on another aspect of Bauer's historiography: most of his research studies—that is, those for which he dove into primary archival research and that are focused on more concrete historical topics, rather than general overviews, and have an extensive scholarly apparatus—deal with Jewish history only and, more precisely, with some very clear topics within it. They surround the Holocaust as an event but tackle a much deeper issue: the uniqueness of the Jewish people as a historical phenomenon, explored through the prism of the Shoah. Six clusters of studies, which are inter-related and often intertwine and overlap, can be discerned in this oeuvre: (1) his studies on the Brichah movement; (2) his trilogy on the history of the American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee; (3) his ongoing polemic regarding the American Jewish community's commitment to and investment in rescue activities of European Jewry and its (in)ability to influence US administration policies; (4) his studies on the behavior of Jewish leadership under Nazi rule; (5) his studies on the negotiations between Jewish groups and individuals and the Nazis on rescue during the Shoah; and (6) his studies of the phenomenon of Jewish communal organization and its modes of functioning, even during the last days of the Eastern European shtetlach. To these topics a seventh topic that bothered Bauer—which is quite astonishing in view of his firm stance in favor of Jewish secularism—is examined: religious Jewry and the possibility of faith in God after the Holocaust. Thus, it is claimed here, Bauer remained “on speaking terms” with God, but that his stance is mehutzaf (“contrary”)—the term he uses to describe a basic characteristic of the Jews in general.
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  • 6
    Article
    Article
    Looking at the Holocaust at eye level : some lessons from the quintessential scholar and teacher. (2022)
    In:  The Journal of Holocaust Research 36,1 (2022) 16-23
    Details
    ISSN: 2578-5648
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2022
    Titel der Quelle: The Journal of Holocaust Research
    Angaben zur Quelle: 36,1 (2022) 16-23
    Keywords: Bauer, Yehuda ; Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) Research
    Abstract: Yehuda Bauer has been the world's teacher of the Holocaust and has influenced the study of the Holocaust perhaps more than anyone else in the last 50 years. Bauer has significantly affected the author's own professional work, probably more than any other teacher. In addition to Bauer being a scholarly and teaching role model, the author was exposed to and learned much about the world of journal editing from him while serving as the assistant editor of Holocaust and Genocide Studies under Bauer's editorship, which subsequently helped open a long career as the editor of Yad Vashem Studies. This article reflects on two aspects of Yehuda Bauer's work and their influence on the author as scholar and teacher: looking at the Holocaust at eye level, without tinted lenses, mystification, or ideological prejudice as much as that is possible; taking the Jewish eyewitnesses to events seriously. Finally, the article discusses Bauer's clear-eyed and objective approach to the Holocaust through the subject of the Allies' responses to the Holocaust, a topic the author first encountered academically in one of Bauer's seminars more than 40 years ago. Bauer has addressed questions regarding what Allied leaders knew about the Holocaust, what they did to try to stop it, the role of American Jewry, why the Allies did not bomb Auschwitz, and more in what is arguably the most balanced, ideology-free analysis by any scholar. We should all learn from this approach to the subject.
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  • 7
    Article
    Article
    Are those who hate Jews "Anti-Semites" or "Antisemites"? : a tribute to Yehuda Bauer. (2022)
    In:  The Journal of Holocaust Research 36,1 (2022) 44-49
    Details
    ISSN: 2578-5648
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2022
    Titel der Quelle: The Journal of Holocaust Research
    Angaben zur Quelle: 36,1 (2022) 44-49
    Keywords: Bauer, Yehuda ; Antisemitism Terminology
    Abstract: Intense debates are underway about what constitutes antisemitism, who has the right to define it, how extreme anti-Israel animus should figure in to such discussions, and even whether the term antisemitism should designate hostility to Jews alone or be broadened to include other “Semites.” Yehuda Bauer has made seminal contributions to these debates, including on the preferred spelling of the term: with a hyphen, as in “anti-Semitism,” or without, as in “antisemitism.” This article pays tribute to Professor Bauer for his critical interventions on these matters, which go well beyond orthographic niceties and can illuminate the essence of Jew-hatred itself. As an extension of these concerns, the article raises similar questions about the best way to spell the term that designates eliminationist opposition to Zionism and Israel: with a hyphen, as in “anti-Zionism,” or without, as in “antizionism.”
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  • 8
    Article
    Article
    Yehuda Bauer’s assessment of the US government and American Jewry during the Holocaust : an analysis. (2022)
    In:  The Journal of Holocaust Research 36,1 (2022) 77-88
    Details
    ISSN: 2578-5648
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2022
    Titel der Quelle: The Journal of Holocaust Research
    Angaben zur Quelle: 36,1 (2022) 77-88
    Keywords: Bauer, Yehuda ; Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) Public opinion ; Jews Attitudes ; United States Politics and government 20th century
    Abstract: Beginning with well-deserved personal praise for Professor Yehuda Bauer celebrating his 95th birthday, this article then examines Bauer's brief but important work Could the US Government Have Rescued European Jewry?, in which he challenges the preferred narrative of American and Israeli Jews: that American Jews were silent, ineffective, divided, timid, self-absorbed, weak, and incapable of bringing a Judeo-centric request to the American political establishment and did not effectively come the aid of their European brethren; that American Jew had the power to do something significant, if only they had tried to use it; and that the American government was antisemitic or, at best, unconcerned about Jews. The article then examines Bauer's contentions regarding the US government's and American Jews' capabilities, interest, and responsibility in saving European Jews. Bauer's consideration is divided into four periods: from 1933 until the Reich's November Pogroms in 1938; from Kristallnacht until the onset of the war in September 1939; from the war until the beginnings of the systematic murder of the Jews, which coincided with the German invasion of the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941; and finally during the period of the mass murder, which only ended at the war's end on 8 May 1945. Bauer reconsiders the controversial issue of the bombing of Auschwitz, which he examines from the perspective of the Yishuv in Palestine and the British and American bombing capabilities and wartime priorities as well as the effectiveness of aerial bombardment. The paper also considers Elie Wiesel's challenging of multiple US presidents regarding the decision not to bomb and questions Wiesel's depiction of his discussion with President Jimmy Carter on this issue. Ultimately Bauer's conclusion is that US was not powerful or well-positioned enough to save European Jews, and the Jewish community in the United States did not have the power to impose its will even if it had tried.
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  • 9
    Article
    Article
    Estimates of the losses of Polish Jews in hiding, 1942-1945 : revisiting Yehuda Bauer’s observations. (2022)
    In:  The Journal of Holocaust Research 36,1 (2022) 96-109
    Details
    ISSN: 2578-5648
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2022
    Titel der Quelle: The Journal of Holocaust Research
    Angaben zur Quelle: 36,1 (2022) 96-109
    Keywords: Bauer, Yehuda ; Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) ; Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) Public opinion ; Holocaust victims
    Abstract: The Polish general elections of 2015 brought to power a right-wing, nationalistic party called PiS (Law & Justice). Since then, the nationalists have been busy dismantling the fundamental components of the democratic system, appropriating the entire machinery of the state, and attacking independent judges and journalists. However, their obsession with the defense of the so-called good name of the nation made history one of the most internationally visible areas of confrontation. And Holocaust studies, Holocaust research, and Holocaust education quickly found themselves at the very heart of this struggle over the past. In order to defend the myth of the alleged national innocence during the war, the Polish authorities have become one of the chief agents of Holocaust distortion worldwide. A number of institutions are now involved in a relentless campaign intended to prove that rescuing the Jews during the Shoah was the default position of Polish society. Driven by a phenomenon known as “Holocaust envy,” the official narrative multiplies the ranks of Polish Righteous Among the Nations and strives to present the Polish suffering, and the Polish physical losses, at par with the Jewish ones. The research into the scale of Polish complicity in the Holocaust therefore raises particular ire of the Polish state. Conservative estimates indicate that around 200,000 Jews were either killed or denounced to the Germans by the Poles.
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  • 10
    Article
    Article
    Conceptualizing Jewish reactions : between "Amidah" and resistance. (2022)
    In:  The Journal of Holocaust Research 36,1 (2022) 50-59
    Details
    ISSN: 2578-5648
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2022
    Titel der Quelle: The Journal of Holocaust Research
    Angaben zur Quelle: 36,1 (2022) 50-59
    Keywords: Bauer, Yehuda ; Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) Research ; World War, 1939-1945 Jewish resistance
    Abstract: This article examines the concept of amidah and its relevance as an effective conceptual category in Holocaust research. By examining the growth of the concept of amidah at the beginning of Holocaust research, discussing the many categories included in it, emphasizing its ahistorical character and detachment from broad contexts, the author argues that this term does not promote in-depth and critical discussion. In light of these obstacles, Bauer's early conceptions regarding the concept of amidah are analyzed while placing it in the context of the discussion of responses to the Holocaust. As part of those broader contexts of human reactions to extremist actions, Bauer's early reference to those actions called “amidah” opens the door to a comprehensive and in-depth discussion that is not possible within the original concept. This discussion obviates the need for a hierarchical catalogue of the responses under discussion, includes reference to the constant change that has taken place in these actions, and is based on the consciousness that underlies the response. Moreover, it connects amidah to the ability to analyze acts by Jews and non-Jews in the Holocaust, as well as those of a variety of individuals and communities who found themselves in the reality of genocide.
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