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  • 1
    Article
    Article
    The tree of life in ancient near Eastern iconography. (2020)
    In:  The Tree of Life (2020) 32-73
    Details
    ISBN: 9789004423732
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2020
    Titel der Quelle: The Tree of Life
    Angaben zur Quelle: (2020) 32-73
    Keywords: Tree of life in art ; Art, Middle Eastern To 1500 ; Middle East Antiquities
    Abstract: The “Tree of Life” or Sacred Tree is a multivalent image with layers of meaning accrued over time, and whose development as an iconographic motif is intimately connected to the history of the region. Examining the Sacred Tree as a consistent motif against the backdrop of ever-shifting contexts highlights the fluid nature of its symbolism across Mesopotamia, the Levant, and Egypt. Through the third and second millennia BCE, the image is a symbol of the nurturing aspects of the divine, primarily the mother-goddess. In the first millennium, the association with the mother-goddess remains while other associations are added, most notably the theme of kingship.
    DOI: 10.1163/9789004423756_004
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  • 2
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    Article
    The tree of life in modern theological thought. (2020)
    In:  The Tree of Life (2020)
    Details
    ISBN: 9789004423732
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2020
    Titel der Quelle: The Tree of Life
    Angaben zur Quelle: (2020)
    Keywords: Bible. Criticism, interpretation, etc. ; Tree of life Biblical teaching ; Theology History
    Abstract: This survey of the tree of life in modern theological thought traces its various appearances along four hermeneutical lines: (1) historical-critical scholarship, represented by James Barr along with Jewish and feminist exegetes; (2) “literal” reading, represented by Edward J. Young, John F. Walvoord, and “creation science”; (3) theological exegesis, represented by Dietrich Bonhoeffer, Karl Barth, and Henri Blocher; and (4) symbolic uses, represented by feminist theologians among others. For the first three approaches, Genesis 1–3 plays a fundamental role in the tree’s appropriation, while the fourth category more freely treats the tree as a theological symbol, appropriating other canonical or cultural possibilities for its meaning.
    DOI: 10.1163/9789004423756_016
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  • 3
    Article
    Article
    The tree of life in Genesis. (2020)
    In:  The Tree of Life (2020) 74-99
    Details
    ISBN: 9789004423732
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2020
    Titel der Quelle: The Tree of Life
    Angaben zur Quelle: (2020) 74-99
    Keywords: Bible. Criticism, interpretation, etc. ; Tree of life Biblical teaching
    Abstract: The tree of life appears briefly and enigmatically near the beginning and end of the Garden of Eden story in Genesis 2–3, but goes unmentioned in the main body of that narrative. Modern scholars have taken both diachronic (oriented toward literary prehistory) and synchronic (oriented toward the received text) approaches to addressing the perplexing questions raised by this tree’s presence in the Eden story. While diachronic approaches respond to genuinely problematic textual phenomena, they create additional difficulties that require ever more speculative solutions. By contrast, a synchronic approach yields a coherent reading that satisfactorily interprets the same phenomena.
    DOI: 10.1163/9789004423756_005
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  • 4
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    Article
    The tree of life in ancient Apocalypse. (2020)
    In:  The Tree of Life (2020) 134-165
    Details
    ISBN: 9789004423732
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2020
    Titel der Quelle: The Tree of Life
    Angaben zur Quelle: (2020) 134-165
    Keywords: Tree of life in post-biblical literature ; Apocalyptic literature History and criticism ; Post-biblical literature History and criticism
    Abstract: While scholars have explored the symbol of the tree of life in limited ways in the Hebrew Bible and in the New Testament, such exploration of the symbol of the tree of life in ancient apocalypse is even more scant. Yet the tree of life plays an important role in several ancient apocalypses. This chapter will explore the use of tree of life symbolism in 4 Ezra 2:12, 8:52 (2 Esdras 2:12, 8:52); the Greek Apocalypse of Ezra 2.11–14, 5.21; the Apocalypse of Sedrach 4.4, and the Apocalypse of Elijah 5.6. Using conceptual metaphor theories developed by Giles Fauconnier and Mark Turner, this chapter will demonstrate how the tree of life functions alongside other metaphors and symbols in these texts including birthing/mothering, creational/paradisal, and agricultural metaphors. By mapping the relationship of these metaphors and symbols, this chapter will examine the impact of these metaphorical connections to understanding the role the tree of life plays in these writings and within ancient apocalypse more broadly.
    DOI: 10.1163/9789004423756_008
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  • 5
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    Article
    The tree of life in Enochic literature. (2020)
    In:  The Tree of Life (2020) 166-182
    Details
    ISBN: 9789004423732
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2020
    Titel der Quelle: The Tree of Life
    Angaben zur Quelle: (2020) 166-182
    Keywords: Ethiopic book of Enoch Criticism, interpretation, etc. ; Slavonic book of Enoch Criticism, interpretation, etc. ; Hebrew book of Enoch Criticism, interpretation, etc. ; Tree of life in post-biblical literature
    Abstract: A tree identified as the tree of life appears in 1 En. 24.3–25.6; 2 En. 8.3–7; 3 En. 5.1; 23.18; 48D.8. In (Ethiopic) 1 Enoch, this tree is not called the tree of life, but it is described in such sublime terms that scholars at least since Dillmann have identified it as such. The tree is located at the earthly throne of God. It is superlatively fragrant and inaccessible until the judgement day, after which the righteous and holy will enjoy it, and it will be planted toward the house of the Lord. The tree’s fragrance shall give the righteous long life on earth. In 2 (Slavonic) Enoch, the tree of life is indescribably and incomparably excellent and sweet-smelling. This cosmic tree is in the paradise in the third heaven (8.1), where the Lord rests. In 3 (Hebrew Apocalypse of) Enoch (5.1), the tree of life provides shelter for the cherub upon whom the Shekinah dwelled after the expulsion of Adam. The righteous and godly are to inherit the garden of Eden and the tree of life (23.18). The tree is one of the creations made by the secret of Metatron (48D.8).
    DOI: 10.1163/9789004423756_009
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  • 6
    Article
    Article
    The tree of life in the Apocalypse of John. (2020)
    In:  The Tree of Life (2020) 183-216
    Details
    ISBN: 9789004423732
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2020
    Titel der Quelle: The Tree of Life
    Angaben zur Quelle: (2020) 183-216
    Keywords: New Testament. Criticism, interpretation, etc. ; Tree of life ; Trees Religious aspects ; Christianity
    Abstract: This essay focuses on the tree of life as a visual image in the Apocalypse of John. The tree of life seems ambiguous, and therefore readers of Revelation have visualized the tree image in different ways throughout its reception. This is because the tree of life is an image that is intentionally multistable and polyvalent. With input from ancient and modern interpretive strategies such as Artemidorus’ Oneirocritica and rhetography, this essay looks at the tree image along three visual perspectives—literal, metaphorical, and symbolic—for convergence and divergence of interpretation. These various visual perspectives of the tree come together in the reader’s eye once the reader looks for the use of the tree instead of its meaning.
    DOI: 10.1163/9789004423756_010
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  • 7
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    Article
    The tree of life in early Christian literature. (2020)
    In:  The Tree of Life (2020) 217-235
    Details
    ISBN: 9789004423732
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2020
    Titel der Quelle: The Tree of Life
    Angaben zur Quelle: (2020) 217-235
    Keywords: Tree of life ; Trees Religious aspects ; Christianity ; Christian literature, Early History and criticism
    Abstract: This paper studies Christian commentary on the tree of life under three descriptions: as a physical plant in Eden (Genesis 2.8–3.22); as a moral metaphor (Psalm 1.3 and Revelation 2.8) and as an eschatological symbol at Revelation 22.2. These correspond roughly to the somatic, moral and spiritual senses which were distinguished in scriptural exegesis by Christian allegorists from the time of Clement and Origen, although it will be shown that in many commentaries the biblical passages overlap, as therefore do the levels of exegesis.
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  • 8
    Article
    Article
    The tree of life in Philo. (2020)
    In:  The Tree of Life (2020) 236-248
    Details
    ISBN: 9789004423732
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2020
    Titel der Quelle: The Tree of Life
    Angaben zur Quelle: (2020) 236-248
    Keywords: Philo, Criticism and interpretation ; Tree of life in post-biblical literature
    Abstract: Philo’s interpretation of the tree of life is consistent with his idea of a successful life as a life in virtue and love of God. If a successful life is a virtuous and pious life, the biblical tree of life must, above all, be read as referring to virtue, goodness and piety. Philo was dissatisfied with a literal interpretation. He used older interpretations but also developed new ones over time. Overall, the motif of the tree of life is not central to his thought. Philo mainly uses the axiomatic identification of life and virtue in Greek philosophy.
    DOI: 10.1163/9789004423756_012
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  • 9
    Article
    Article
    The tree of life in medieval iconography. (2020)
    In:  The Tree of Life (2020) 280-343
    Details
    ISBN: 9789004423732
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2020
    Titel der Quelle: The Tree of Life
    Angaben zur Quelle: (2020) 280-343
    Keywords: Tree of life in art ; Christian art and symbolism To 1500
    Abstract: Throughout Europe and Byzantium, from North Africa and the Holy Land to the British Isles and Scandinavia, the tree of life flourished in the imagery of the medieval Church, where visual metaphors of vegetation and growth conveyed such complex notions as the duel nature of Christ and his role in human salvation. Building on Mesopotamian tradition the tree united human and divine realms as axis mundi. At the center of Paradise in the Hebrew Bible, the Christian tree was associated with the wood of the cross as an image of renewal, which, located in Jerusalem, stood at the center of the Christian world. Using a broad selection of images, this survey explores the tree of life and its symbolism across medieval Christendom.
    DOI: 10.1163/9789004423756_014
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  • 10
    Article
    Article
    The tree of life in Gnostic literature. (2020)
    In:  The Tree of Life (2020) 249-279
    Details
    ISBN: 9789004423732
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2020
    Titel der Quelle: The Tree of Life
    Angaben zur Quelle: (2020) 249-279
    Keywords: Tree of life in literature ; Gnostic literature History and criticism
    Abstract: Gnostic literature provides a fascinating context for the development of the tree of life theme due to (1) the varieties of Gnostic texts, (2) the unique hermeneutical approaches to biblical themes, and (3) the positive import of the tree of the knowledge as a source of enlightenment just as the tree of life is a source of immortality. The relationship between tree of knowledge (gnosis) and tree of life themes are traced in eight Nag Hammadi tractates, noting the nuances evident in the diverse texts and traditions. Patterns of special note are the progression from gnosis to life through the partaking of the fruit of both trees, the deceptive actions of Yaldabaoth and the archons in preventing access to the trees, the identity of the female spiritual principle (Eve/Epinoia) or Jesus as the tree of life itself, and the positive actions of various forces and figures to reveal the true origin, nature, and destiny of humanity and, hence, bring about human rescue.
    DOI: 10.1163/9789004423756_013
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