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  • 1
    Article
    Article
    In:  The Tree of Life (2020) 217-235
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2020
    Titel der Quelle: The Tree of Life
    Angaben zur Quelle: (2020) 217-235
    Keywords: Tree of life ; Trees Religious aspects ; Christianity ; Christian literature, Early History and criticism
    Abstract: This paper studies Christian commentary on the tree of life under three descriptions: as a physical plant in Eden (Genesis 2.8–3.22); as a moral metaphor (Psalm 1.3 and Revelation 2.8) and as an eschatological symbol at Revelation 22.2. These correspond roughly to the somatic, moral and spiritual senses which were distinguished in scriptural exegesis by Christian allegorists from the time of Clement and Origen, although it will be shown that in many commentaries the biblical passages overlap, as therefore do the levels of exegesis.
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  • 2
    Article
    Article
    In:  The Tree of Life (2020) 249-279
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2020
    Titel der Quelle: The Tree of Life
    Angaben zur Quelle: (2020) 249-279
    Keywords: Tree of life in literature ; Gnostic literature History and criticism
    Abstract: Gnostic literature provides a fascinating context for the development of the tree of life theme due to (1) the varieties of Gnostic texts, (2) the unique hermeneutical approaches to biblical themes, and (3) the positive import of the tree of the knowledge as a source of enlightenment just as the tree of life is a source of immortality. The relationship between tree of knowledge (gnosis) and tree of life themes are traced in eight Nag Hammadi tractates, noting the nuances evident in the diverse texts and traditions. Patterns of special note are the progression from gnosis to life through the partaking of the fruit of both trees, the deceptive actions of Yaldabaoth and the archons in preventing access to the trees, the identity of the female spiritual principle (Eve/Epinoia) or Jesus as the tree of life itself, and the positive actions of various forces and figures to reveal the true origin, nature, and destiny of humanity and, hence, bring about human rescue.
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  • 3
    Article
    Article
    In:  The Tree of Life (2020) 183-216
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2020
    Titel der Quelle: The Tree of Life
    Angaben zur Quelle: (2020) 183-216
    Keywords: New Testament. Criticism, interpretation, etc. ; Tree of life ; Trees Religious aspects ; Christianity
    Abstract: This essay focuses on the tree of life as a visual image in the Apocalypse of John. The tree of life seems ambiguous, and therefore readers of Revelation have visualized the tree image in different ways throughout its reception. This is because the tree of life is an image that is intentionally multistable and polyvalent. With input from ancient and modern interpretive strategies such as Artemidorus’ Oneirocritica and rhetography, this essay looks at the tree image along three visual perspectives—literal, metaphorical, and symbolic—for convergence and divergence of interpretation. These various visual perspectives of the tree come together in the reader’s eye once the reader looks for the use of the tree instead of its meaning.
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  • 4
    Article
    Article
    In:  The Tree of Life (2020) 32-73
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2020
    Titel der Quelle: The Tree of Life
    Angaben zur Quelle: (2020) 32-73
    Keywords: Tree of life in art ; Art, Middle Eastern To 1500 ; Middle East Antiquities
    Abstract: The “Tree of Life” or Sacred Tree is a multivalent image with layers of meaning accrued over time, and whose development as an iconographic motif is intimately connected to the history of the region. Examining the Sacred Tree as a consistent motif against the backdrop of ever-shifting contexts highlights the fluid nature of its symbolism across Mesopotamia, the Levant, and Egypt. Through the third and second millennia BCE, the image is a symbol of the nurturing aspects of the divine, primarily the mother-goddess. In the first millennium, the association with the mother-goddess remains while other associations are added, most notably the theme of kingship.
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  • 5
    Article
    Article
    In:  The Tree of Life (2020) 5-31
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2020
    Titel der Quelle: The Tree of Life
    Angaben zur Quelle: (2020) 5-31
    Keywords: Tree of life Comparative studies ; Middle Eastern literature, Ancient Relation to the Bible
    Abstract: The phrase “tree of life” rarely occurs in extrabiblical literature, but terms such as “plant of life,” “sacred tree,” and “cosmic/world tree” appear more frequently and attest to the regional concept of a tree with life-giving properties. However, do the extrabiblical terms compare with each other and with the biblical tree of life? This essay examines the terms as they appear in the literature of Mesopotamia, Egypt, and the Levant. Applying the criteria of taxonomy and function to the various terms distinguishes a number of plants that were used for medicinal, ritual, and political purposes as well as for obtaining eternal life.
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  • 6
    Article
    Article
    In:  The Tree of Life (2020) 122-133
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2020
    Titel der Quelle: The Tree of Life
    Angaben zur Quelle: (2020) 122-133
    Keywords: Tree of life in post-biblical literature ; Post-biblical literature History and criticism ; Christian literature, Early History and criticism
    Abstract: References to the Tree of Life in Jewish and Christian legendary texts lack thematic cohesion as well as chronological, geographic, or linguistic consistency. Despite the limitations of the corpus, there are several common expansions of the Tree of Life in the works of Pseudo-Philo, 4 Baruch (Paraleipomena Jeremiou), 4 Maccabees, and the various versions of the Life of Adam and Eve. In the Jewish and Christian legendary texts, there are three common themes of the Tree of Life worthy of further examination: 1) the functionality of the Tree as a sign of eschatological renewal or individual healing; 2) the association of the Tree of Life with God’s presence; and 3) the promise of the Tree of Life as a source of life/immortality for the righteous. In addition to these future functions of the Tree of Life in these legendary narratives, the Tree of Life is also given explicit purpose in revised versions of the garden of Eden and expulsion narratives where the Tree of Life was previously inert or inactive.
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  • 7
    Article
    Article
    In:  The Tree of Life (2020) 74-99
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2020
    Titel der Quelle: The Tree of Life
    Angaben zur Quelle: (2020) 74-99
    Keywords: Bible. Criticism, interpretation, etc. ; Tree of life Biblical teaching
    Abstract: The tree of life appears briefly and enigmatically near the beginning and end of the Garden of Eden story in Genesis 2–3, but goes unmentioned in the main body of that narrative. Modern scholars have taken both diachronic (oriented toward literary prehistory) and synchronic (oriented toward the received text) approaches to addressing the perplexing questions raised by this tree’s presence in the Eden story. While diachronic approaches respond to genuinely problematic textual phenomena, they create additional difficulties that require ever more speculative solutions. By contrast, a synchronic approach yields a coherent reading that satisfactorily interprets the same phenomena.
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  • 8
    Article
    Article
    In:  The Tree of Life (2020) 166-182
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2020
    Titel der Quelle: The Tree of Life
    Angaben zur Quelle: (2020) 166-182
    Keywords: Ethiopic book of Enoch Criticism, interpretation, etc. ; Slavonic book of Enoch Criticism, interpretation, etc. ; Hebrew book of Enoch Criticism, interpretation, etc. ; Tree of life in post-biblical literature
    Abstract: A tree identified as the tree of life appears in 1 En. 24.3–25.6; 2 En. 8.3–7; 3 En. 5.1; 23.18; 48D.8. In (Ethiopic) 1 Enoch, this tree is not called the tree of life, but it is described in such sublime terms that scholars at least since Dillmann have identified it as such. The tree is located at the earthly throne of God. It is superlatively fragrant and inaccessible until the judgement day, after which the righteous and holy will enjoy it, and it will be planted toward the house of the Lord. The tree’s fragrance shall give the righteous long life on earth. In 2 (Slavonic) Enoch, the tree of life is indescribably and incomparably excellent and sweet-smelling. This cosmic tree is in the paradise in the third heaven (8.1), where the Lord rests. In 3 (Hebrew Apocalypse of) Enoch (5.1), the tree of life provides shelter for the cherub upon whom the Shekinah dwelled after the expulsion of Adam. The righteous and godly are to inherit the garden of Eden and the tree of life (23.18). The tree is one of the creations made by the secret of Metatron (48D.8).
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  • 9
    Article
    Article
    In:  The Tree of Life (2020) 100-121
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2020
    Titel der Quelle: The Tree of Life
    Angaben zur Quelle: (2020) 100-121
    Keywords: Bible. Criticism, interpretation, etc. ; Bible. Criticism, interpretation, etc. ; Tree of life Biblical teaching
    Abstract: Metaphor is a powerful vehicle for ideological reorientation and recreation, and the metaphorical relationship between trees and life in Psalms and Proverbs does just that. Bringing together the fundamental ancient Israelite concepts of creation, wisdom, and divine blessing, the biblical writers use tree imagery and tree of life references to reveal how they saw the world and experienced life in relationship to YHWH. While both of Psalms and Proverbs speak to the relationship between tree imagery and life, unsurprisingly, they do so in different ways. The book of Proverbs makes explicit mention of a “tree of life” (‮עץ חיים‬‎), while the phrase is entirely absent from the Psalter. However, there are psalms that utilize tree metaphors in what appears to be a wisdom-like setting that is not dissimilar to what is encountered in Proverbs (e.g. Pss 1:3; 37:35; 52:10 HB; 92:13 HB; 96:12; 104:16–17). This essay will explore the unique voices of the respective authors of these tree texts in Psalms and Proverbs, seeking to uncover the unique perspectives provided by these books. Despite the use of various lexemes, both books speak to the metaphorical concepts of trees and life and profoundly contribute to the Hebrew Bible’s presentation of wisdom, blessing, creation, and life.
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  • 10
    Article
    Article
    In:  The Tree of Life (2020) 280-343
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2020
    Titel der Quelle: The Tree of Life
    Angaben zur Quelle: (2020) 280-343
    Keywords: Tree of life in art ; Christian art and symbolism To 1500
    Abstract: Throughout Europe and Byzantium, from North Africa and the Holy Land to the British Isles and Scandinavia, the tree of life flourished in the imagery of the medieval Church, where visual metaphors of vegetation and growth conveyed such complex notions as the duel nature of Christ and his role in human salvation. Building on Mesopotamian tradition the tree united human and divine realms as axis mundi. At the center of Paradise in the Hebrew Bible, the Christian tree was associated with the wood of the cross as an image of renewal, which, located in Jerusalem, stood at the center of the Christian world. Using a broad selection of images, this survey explores the tree of life and its symbolism across medieval Christendom.
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