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  • 1
    Article
    Article
    In:  The Oxford Handbook of the Bible and American Popular Culture (2021) 330-343
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2021
    Titel der Quelle: The Oxford Handbook of the Bible and American Popular Culture
    Angaben zur Quelle: (2021) 330-343
    Keywords: Bible Influence ; New Testament Influence ; Rock music ; Bible in music
    Abstract: The Bible is ubiquitous in pop and rock music of the 1960s through to the present. This is surprising given that the art forms subsumed under these catchall categories are typically oppositional in nature. They resist the status quo and are often antiestablishment in posture, and by their very nature inclined to push back against the conservative values and authoritarian tendencies of organized religion. This chapter examines reasons why biblical and religious language is so persistent a feature in the popular music of recent decades, emphasizing the collective memory of the biblical story among songwriters and their audiences and the fragmentary nature of these “readings” of sacred texts and traditions.
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  • 2
    Article
    Article
    In:  The Oxford Handbook of the Bible and American Popular Culture (2021) 183-200
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2021
    Titel der Quelle: The Oxford Handbook of the Bible and American Popular Culture
    Angaben zur Quelle: (2021) 183-200
    Keywords: Bible Influence ; Popular culture ; Prophecy ; Fantasy ; Science fiction
    Abstract: Prophets and prophecy pervade American popular culture, particularly in the genres of fantasy and science fiction. The history of reception of prophetic literature through a dominant Western Christian paradigm has described prophets as liminal characters who perform specific functions in the narrative, often as guides to the central protagonist (e.g., The Matrix Trilogy and The Lord of the Rings). Sagas such as A Song of Ice and Fire and Star Wars often treat prophecies as plot devices dependent on patterns of prediction and fulfillment. Sometimes, however, popular culture itself assumes the prophetic task of speaking truth to power and critiques aspects of the biblical tradition. Some episodes of the reimagined Battlestar Galactica series, for example, critique the tendency to ascribe evil to a femme fatale in a manner similar to how feminist biblical critics have approached misogynistic traditions within the biblical prophets.
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  • 3
    Article
    Article
    In:  The Oxford Handbook of the Bible and American Popular Culture (2021) 505-520
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2021
    Titel der Quelle: The Oxford Handbook of the Bible and American Popular Culture
    Angaben zur Quelle: (2021) 505-520
    Keywords: Bible Influence ; Western civilization ; Ten commandments Influence ; Popular culture
    Abstract: Understanding the relationship between the Bible and popular culture requires a multidimensional approach that recognizes and integrates the various factors involved in particular uses of the Bible. Rather than studying these features in isolation from each other, focusing on their dynamic interplay demonstrates how biblical texts function as but one of many components in larger cultural productions. Furthermore, it shows how popular culture can act as a filter that selects and excludes elements of a biblical text for its own purposes, while transforming the text’s meanings. Popular uses of the Bible frequently reflect keen insight into biblical texts and often create innovative readings that go beyond academic methodologies, purposes, and abilities. Scholars therefore can learn much about the Bible from popular culture. Gilded Age and Progressive Era picture postcards of the Ten Commandments reflect this interplay, illustrating how factors such as capitalism, Victorian gender norms, American Protestant Christianity, and American exceptionalism combined to shape biblical expressions and uses.
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  • 4
    Article
    Article
    In:  The Oxford Handbook of the Bible and American Popular Culture (2021) 162-182
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2021
    Titel der Quelle: The Oxford Handbook of the Bible and American Popular Culture
    Angaben zur Quelle: (2021) 162-182
    Keywords: Bible Influence ; Captain America (Comic strip) ; Popular culture ; Comic books and children ; Covenant theology
    Abstract: American civil religion incorporates a nostalgic version of biblical Israel’s covenant with their patron deity, Yahweh, imagining the United States as a new Israel. This new myth reflects early Puritan hope for a new foray into a new wilderness of promise, while also promoting a romantic notion of the providential founding of the United States, national innocence, and national purpose, upholding an ideal of pure democracy and divine favor for establishing it universally. This form of Christian nationalism has a tendency toward a new form of imperialism in the modern era that is heavily supported (at least subconsciously) by a vast array of popular culture products. Yet some pop culture media (including comic books) occasionally call into question the concept of human beings living in a covenant relationship with a divine creator, as well as the validity of America’s status as a divinely chosen and divinely guided nation.
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  • 5
    Article
    Article
    In:  The Oxford Handbook of the Bible and American Popular Culture (2021) 276-289
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2021
    Titel der Quelle: The Oxford Handbook of the Bible and American Popular Culture
    Angaben zur Quelle: (2021) 276-289
    Keywords: Bible Influence ; Popular culture ; Future life Christianity
    Abstract: This article explores beliefs about the afterlife and how they are informed by religious and cultural narratives. If the Bible contains little definite information about Heaven, Hell, and Purgatory, then how is it that so many of us are able to readily envision them? The scattered information about the afterlife from religious texts is supplemented by our reading, viewing, and consumption of other forms of culture. Stories of the afterlife and of angels, demons, ghosts, vampires, and zombies remain popular. Perhaps more important, stories of the afterlife are often used as ways to shape stories about this life, adding resonance to narratives from Batman to Harry Potter by appropriating or echoing the powerful plots, themes, and characters of the afterlife. Thus even a reader or viewer who does not believe in the dogma of Purgatory may be powerfully affected by stories using the trope of Purgatory.
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  • 6
    Article
    Article
    In:  The Oxford Handbook of the Bible and American Popular Culture (2021) 293-308
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2021
    Titel der Quelle: The Oxford Handbook of the Bible and American Popular Culture
    Angaben zur Quelle: (2021) 293-308
    Keywords: Bible. Criticism, interpretation, etc. ; Bible In motion pictures
    Abstract: This chapter explores the ways cinema appropriates biblical motifs and transforms them, and how those motifs might be received and experienced by viewers. Insofar as it engages more fully film criticism and theory and inquires about audience reception, it reflects the so-called third wave of religion and film studies. While films have taken their inspiration from biblical narratives and characters since the medium’s invention, this contribution, following Adele Reinhartz’s lead, directs our attention to films whose biblical elements may be apparent only to those familiar with the Bible and its cultural interpretation. It focuses on Godfrey Reggio’s critically acclaimed Qatsi trilogy (Koyaanisqatsi, Powaqqatsi, and Naqoyqatsi), which represent cinematic transformations of the primeval history of Genesis 1–11. The ordering of the Cosmos, God’s declaration of its goodness, the command to the first humans to conquer and hold sway over it, human disobedience, the devolution of the created order into increasing violence, and the transgression of boundaries, including the building of the tower of Babel, are all echoed in these films. The films are transformations in the sense that they do not merely allude to the Genesis story or touch upon it in passing; they stay with the passages to which they allude, drawing out the implications of the text, wrestling with interpretive possibilities, offering visual metamorphoses that tantalize the modern imagination. While the character of the original story remains recognizably familiar, the cinematic vesture provides for dazzling transfigurations.
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  • 7
    Article
    Article
    In:  The Oxford Handbook of the Bible and American Popular Culture (2021) 362-380
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2021
    Titel der Quelle: The Oxford Handbook of the Bible and American Popular Culture
    Angaben zur Quelle: (2021) 362-380
    Keywords: Bible Influence ; Popular culture ; Comic books, strips, etc.
    Abstract: This chapter offers a sketch of the general relationship between comics understood as “nonbiblical” (or not directly portraying biblical material) and the Bible. Although comics are still recovering from a Cold War–era reputation for being “lowbrow” in the United States, they are an important window into the reception of biblical material. Comics that treat near-biblical material in particular are an intriguing area for study. They offer a set of visual languages whose translation and evaluation give insight into the text of the Bible and its interpretation. Attention to the visual can yield suggestive insights in a traditionally textual field of study. This chapter introduces the concept of the Bible as an icon and gives a brief demonstration of the use of a particular set of closely related but nonetheless nonbiblical comics to reflect on biblical characters, and concludes by offering questions that might benefit from further study of these texts.
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  • 8
    Article
    Article
    In:  The Oxford Handbook of the Bible and American Popular Culture (2021) 433-449
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2021
    Titel der Quelle: The Oxford Handbook of the Bible and American Popular Culture
    Angaben zur Quelle: (2021) 433-449
    Keywords: Apocalypse ; Video games
    Abstract: Though it might seem surprising at first, video games can work a lot like apocalypses. Both offer imaginary visits to otherworldly spaces that were designed to offer metaphysical comfort. Both, through theology or programming, allow us to temporarily enter into structured spaces that are more predictable than our own world. However, instead of depicting God as the means of control over the world, as apocalypses do, some video games place the player in the position of realizing renewed order through the performance of virtual violence. This chapter considers how the video game Darksiders draws on biblical apocalyptic imagery and also utilizes traditional apocalyptic elements like an us-versus-them structure, the glorification of violence, and a desire for renewed order in the world. Darksiders also reorients the agency of order-making, placing the player at the center of the action and depicting God as largely absent from human struggle. Games like Darksiders may comfort uneasy players, just as apocalypses do, by depicting a world that can be controlled. But they typically do so in a way that demands virtual violence of the player, calling us to question what role such games may play in shaping how we see ourselves in the real world.
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  • 9
    Article
    Article
    In:  The Oxford Handbook of the Bible and American Popular Culture (2021) 453-471
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2021
    Titel der Quelle: The Oxford Handbook of the Bible and American Popular Culture
    Angaben zur Quelle: (2021) 453-471
    Keywords: Bible. Influence ; Popular culture ; Amusement parks ; Noah's ark in art
    Abstract: This chapter examines the phenomenon of biblically inspired theme parks. Like Disney and other variants, biblical theme parks create experiential portals to other lifeworlds. They imagine, materialize, and choreograph stories from Christians’ sacred texts in order to heighten visitors’ relation of intimacy with scripture by conjuring particular, ideologically charged scriptural pasts. To illustrate this argument, the chapter outlines the history of the modern theme park and presents a case study analysis of a creationist theme park in the US state of Kentucky: Ark Encounter. Ethnographic work with park designers and participant observation at the park demonstrates how this site of religious tourism mobilizes strategies and imperatives of immersion that are resonant with the culture of entertainment more broadly.
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  • 10
    Article
    Article
    In:  The Oxford Handbook of the Bible and American Popular Culture (2021) 344-361
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2021
    Titel der Quelle: The Oxford Handbook of the Bible and American Popular Culture
    Angaben zur Quelle: (2021) 344-361
    Keywords: Popular culture ; Bible in music
    Abstract: The chapter explores the resonances of jazz music, artistry and artists with biblical allusion and interpretation. It outlines the role that jazz played in American popular culture with reference to African American culture and the development of jazz from the American spirituals tradition. It examines representations of the Bible in jazz works by Louis Armstrong, Duke Ellington and Mahalia Jackson, and Ed Summerlin, including exploring the genre of “sacred jazz.” It moves from an exegetical analysis of jazz works in relation to the biblical text to a broader theological interpretation of biblical themes in improvisation. Drawing on Philip Bohlman’s analysis of music cultures, it articulates how improvisation shapes the cultural and religious identity of jazz music. Using the examples of John Coltrane and Sun Ra it argues that contemporary discussions of human freedom, liberation, and constraint are resourceful methodological tools for current biblical interpretations of jazz music.
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