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  • 1
    Article
    Article
    In:  The Oxford Handbook of the Bible and American Popular Culture (2021) 183-200
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2021
    Titel der Quelle: The Oxford Handbook of the Bible and American Popular Culture
    Angaben zur Quelle: (2021) 183-200
    Keywords: Bible Influence ; Popular culture ; Prophecy ; Fantasy ; Science fiction
    Abstract: Prophets and prophecy pervade American popular culture, particularly in the genres of fantasy and science fiction. The history of reception of prophetic literature through a dominant Western Christian paradigm has described prophets as liminal characters who perform specific functions in the narrative, often as guides to the central protagonist (e.g., The Matrix Trilogy and The Lord of the Rings). Sagas such as A Song of Ice and Fire and Star Wars often treat prophecies as plot devices dependent on patterns of prediction and fulfillment. Sometimes, however, popular culture itself assumes the prophetic task of speaking truth to power and critiques aspects of the biblical tradition. Some episodes of the reimagined Battlestar Galactica series, for example, critique the tendency to ascribe evil to a femme fatale in a manner similar to how feminist biblical critics have approached misogynistic traditions within the biblical prophets.
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  • 2
    Article
    Article
    In:  The Oxford Handbook of the Bible and American Popular Culture (2021) 201-218
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2021
    Titel der Quelle: The Oxford Handbook of the Bible and American Popular Culture
    Angaben zur Quelle: (2021) 201-218
    Keywords: Bible. Influence ; Bible. Influence ; New Testament. Influence ; Popular culture ; Deluge ; End of the world
    Abstract: This chapter examines the influence of biblical apocalyptic literature in popular culture. After exploring the problems of terminology and definitions, it examines four examples of apocalyptic in popular culture: two of these, Good Omens (Terry Pratchett and Neil Gaiman, 1990) and the television series Supernatural (created by Eric Kripke, 2005–2020) draw directly from the biblical apocalypses, especially Revelation. They also change details from Revelation in order to better fit their agenda. Two additional examples are explored: the movie 2012 (2009) and Margaret Atwood’s MaddAddam trilogy. Both focus on end-time scenarios that do not derive directly from the biblical apocalypses but instead use the flood narrative from Genesis 6–9 to highlight their eschatology. This chapter argues that the shift in popular culture from drawing directly on biblical apocalypses to drawing on other narratives—specifically the flood—derives from a turn toward environmental concerns in contemporary Western culture.
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  • 3
    Article
    Article
    In:  The Oxford Handbook of the Bible and American Popular Culture (2021) 330-343
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2021
    Titel der Quelle: The Oxford Handbook of the Bible and American Popular Culture
    Angaben zur Quelle: (2021) 330-343
    Keywords: Bible Influence ; New Testament Influence ; Rock music ; Bible in music
    Abstract: The Bible is ubiquitous in pop and rock music of the 1960s through to the present. This is surprising given that the art forms subsumed under these catchall categories are typically oppositional in nature. They resist the status quo and are often antiestablishment in posture, and by their very nature inclined to push back against the conservative values and authoritarian tendencies of organized religion. This chapter examines reasons why biblical and religious language is so persistent a feature in the popular music of recent decades, emphasizing the collective memory of the biblical story among songwriters and their audiences and the fragmentary nature of these “readings” of sacred texts and traditions.
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  • 4
    Article
    Article
    In:  The Oxford Handbook of the Bible and American Popular Culture (2021) 399-413
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2021
    Titel der Quelle: The Oxford Handbook of the Bible and American Popular Culture
    Angaben zur Quelle: (2021) 399-413
    Keywords: Bible Influence ; New Testament Influence ; Popular culture ; Comic books, strips, etc. ; Newspapers
    Abstract: The comic strip as a mainstay of print and more recently online media is an American invention that began its development in the last decades of the 1800s. For many decades in the mid-twentieth century, comic strips were among the most widely disseminated forms of popular culture. With their succession of panels, pictures, and pithy perspectives, comics have come to cover an array of topics, including religion. This chapter looks at how the Bible (Old and New Testament) figures in comic strips, focusing specifically on three areas: the depiction of the divine, renderings of specific biblical texts, and how comic strips can function as sites in which religious identity and controversies play out. Relevant examples are drawn from several dozen strips. Special attention is also paid to a few, like Peanuts and BC, in which biblical imagery, ideology, and idiom are characteristically portrayed in distinctive ways.
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  • 5
    Article
    Article
    In:  The Oxford Handbook of the Bible and American Popular Culture (2021) 472-487
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2021
    Titel der Quelle: The Oxford Handbook of the Bible and American Popular Culture
    Angaben zur Quelle: (2021) 472-487
    Keywords: Bible. Influence ; Popular culture ; Museums ; Creation ; Eden ; Noah's ark
    Abstract: This chapter describes creation museums as alternative natural history museums that replace evolutionary theory with young-earth creationism, which holds, first, that Genesis 1 depicts God creating the earth and all life forms less than ten thousand years ago, and, second, that Noah’s catastrophic worldwide flood (Genesis 6–9) established the earth’s present topology and fossil record approximately four thousand years ago. Creation museums claim to interpret the Bible as literal history and contend that a careful study of flood geology will prove the truth of the Bible. An examination of the Ark Encounter, the spectacular creation museum of Answers in Genesis, reveals that the exhibits routinely supersede scripture with the wholesale fabrication of historical information. For young-earth creationists, nevertheless, the museum simply feels true and functions as a pilgrimage site.
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  • 6
    Article
    Article
    In:  The Oxford Handbook of the Bible and American Popular Culture (2021) 433-449
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2021
    Titel der Quelle: The Oxford Handbook of the Bible and American Popular Culture
    Angaben zur Quelle: (2021) 433-449
    Keywords: Apocalypse ; Video games
    Abstract: Though it might seem surprising at first, video games can work a lot like apocalypses. Both offer imaginary visits to otherworldly spaces that were designed to offer metaphysical comfort. Both, through theology or programming, allow us to temporarily enter into structured spaces that are more predictable than our own world. However, instead of depicting God as the means of control over the world, as apocalypses do, some video games place the player in the position of realizing renewed order through the performance of virtual violence. This chapter considers how the video game Darksiders draws on biblical apocalyptic imagery and also utilizes traditional apocalyptic elements like an us-versus-them structure, the glorification of violence, and a desire for renewed order in the world. Darksiders also reorients the agency of order-making, placing the player at the center of the action and depicting God as largely absent from human struggle. Games like Darksiders may comfort uneasy players, just as apocalypses do, by depicting a world that can be controlled. But they typically do so in a way that demands virtual violence of the player, calling us to question what role such games may play in shaping how we see ourselves in the real world.
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  • 7
    Article
    Article
    In:  The Oxford Handbook of the Bible and American Popular Culture (2021) 537-552
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2021
    Titel der Quelle: The Oxford Handbook of the Bible and American Popular Culture
    Angaben zur Quelle: (2021) 537-552
    Keywords: Bible Criticism, interpretation, etc. ; Biblical scholars ; Popular culture
    Abstract: This essay is an examination of scholarship on the Bible and (American) popular culture. It reviews the history and assumptions of cultural studies and maps how this body of work influenced biblical scholarship after 1990. It surveys an array of examples of scholarship on the Bible and popular culture and concludes with some suggestions for future work. Specifically, this essay asks the following: How has interest in Bible and popular culture affected academic publishing? How did these trends emerge, and what assumptions prompt them? What new journals or series or reference works have appeared that are specifically devoted to this broad topic, and what are some ways that the Bible and popular culture have been treated therein?
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  • 8
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2021
    Titel der Quelle: The Oxford Handbook of the Bible and American Popular Culture
    Angaben zur Quelle: (2021) 63-82
    Keywords: David, ; Bathsheba ; Bible. Appreciation ; Children's Bibles ; Novelle History and criticism
    Abstract: The chapter traces the story of David and Bathsheba in two forms of popular writing: children’s Bibles and Bible-based novels for adults. An account of the ubiquity of children’s Bibles in American life since the mid-nineteenth century is followed by brief surveys of recent scholarship on both the children’s and adults’ genres. The main body of the work traces changing ways this story of sex and murder has been presented to children while preserving a favorable view of David and the shifting treatments by novelists, leading toward both romance and sardonic irreverence, with Bathsheba emerging as a subject in her own right especially since the 1980s.
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  • 9
    Article
    Article
    In:  The Oxford Handbook of the Bible and American Popular Culture (2021) 46-62
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2021
    Titel der Quelle: The Oxford Handbook of the Bible and American Popular Culture
    Angaben zur Quelle: (2021) 46-62
    Keywords: Roeg, Nicolas, ; Samson and Delilah (Motion picture : 1996) ; Bible. Criticism, interpretation, etc. ; Bible In motion pictures
    Abstract: This chapter considers popular understandings of Samson and Delilah’s relationship in Judges 16, arguing that readers’ interpretations of this relationship are often guided by the discourses, beliefs, and ideologies dominant within their own sociocultural context. The chapter first offers an overview of some common interpretive traditions surrounding this biblical story, which appear to draw upon those familiar tropes of feminine treachery and masculine vulnerability. Specifically, it suggests that interpreters’ reading strategies for the Judges 16 text are constantly negotiated and shaped by readers’ own heteronormative assumptions and discourses of gender and sexuality. In the subsequent section, the chapter focuses on a cultural retelling of this biblical story—Nicolas Roeg’s 1996 movie, Samson and Delilah—and considers the ways that this contemporary cultural text likewise employs these same tropes, imbued with the cultural flavors of the time, to offer a portrayal of Delilah as a postfeminist femme fatale whose erotic allure proved too hot to handle for “new man” Samson. Considering interpretive and cultural afterlives side by side, the chapter demonstrates the complexities of the reading process and the multiple threads—those sociocultural discourses, ideologies, and trends—that occupy and direct readers’ interpretations of the biblical text.
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  • 10
    Article
    Article
    In:  The Oxford Handbook of the Bible and American Popular Culture (2021) 293-308
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2021
    Titel der Quelle: The Oxford Handbook of the Bible and American Popular Culture
    Angaben zur Quelle: (2021) 293-308
    Keywords: Bible. Criticism, interpretation, etc. ; Bible In motion pictures
    Abstract: This chapter explores the ways cinema appropriates biblical motifs and transforms them, and how those motifs might be received and experienced by viewers. Insofar as it engages more fully film criticism and theory and inquires about audience reception, it reflects the so-called third wave of religion and film studies. While films have taken their inspiration from biblical narratives and characters since the medium’s invention, this contribution, following Adele Reinhartz’s lead, directs our attention to films whose biblical elements may be apparent only to those familiar with the Bible and its cultural interpretation. It focuses on Godfrey Reggio’s critically acclaimed Qatsi trilogy (Koyaanisqatsi, Powaqqatsi, and Naqoyqatsi), which represent cinematic transformations of the primeval history of Genesis 1–11. The ordering of the Cosmos, God’s declaration of its goodness, the command to the first humans to conquer and hold sway over it, human disobedience, the devolution of the created order into increasing violence, and the transgression of boundaries, including the building of the tower of Babel, are all echoed in these films. The films are transformations in the sense that they do not merely allude to the Genesis story or touch upon it in passing; they stay with the passages to which they allude, drawing out the implications of the text, wrestling with interpretive possibilities, offering visual metamorphoses that tantalize the modern imagination. While the character of the original story remains recognizably familiar, the cinematic vesture provides for dazzling transfigurations.
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