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  • 1
    Article
    Article
    In:  Jewish Literatures in Spanish and Portuguese (2022) 39-54
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2022
    Titel der Quelle: Jewish Literatures in Spanish and Portuguese
    Angaben zur Quelle: (2022) 39-54
    Keywords: Bible In literature ; Poetry, Medieval History and criticism ; Hebrew poetry History and criticism ; Piyyutim History and criticism ; Andalusia (Spain)
    Abstract: This chapter discusses the legacy of the Golden Age of Hebrew poetry that took place in medieval Iberia during the Andalusi period. It characterizes the unique qualities that differentiate this epoch from other periods in the history of Hebrew verse and examines the the emergence of a new brand of Hebrew secular verse in Jewish Andalusi courtly circles as well as transformative developments in the ancient tradition of Hebrew liturgical poetry (Piyyut) written by Jewish Andalusi poets of the time. The discussion is based on close readings of selected representative passages.
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  • 2
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2022
    Titel der Quelle: Jewish Literatures in Spanish and Portuguese
    Angaben zur Quelle: (2022) 55-80
    Keywords: Judah, Criticism and interpretation ; Poetry, Medieval History and criticism ; Hebrew poetry History and criticism ; Arabic poetry History and criticism ; Andalusia (Spain)
    Abstract: The kharadjāt (Arabic plural of khardja) are the final verses in Mozarabic, an early Ibero-Romance language, which are found at the end of Arabic and Hebrew strophic poems, the so-called “girdle poems” (muwaššaḥāt). These verses are the earliest known poems in Ibero-Romance. Historically they extend from the middle of the eleventh century up to the reign of Alfonso X of Castile in the second half of the thirteenth century. These poems shed a new light on the multicultural world of al-Andalus. They offer a precious testimony of this world where the three monotheistic religions mingled in a complex whole of mutual influences. The Jewish element played a crucial role in this process. The kharadjāt first came to light in Hebrew strophic poetry. Judah ha-Levi is especially noteworthy in this context. He was not only the great classic of post-biblical Hebrew poetry, he was also the most fertile author of Romance kharadjāt and can rightly be considered as the “first Spanish poet known by name”. His poems convey specifically Jewish meanings of messianic hopes, expressed in the form of apparently naive love poems. Their jewishness manifests itself in their constant reference to the intertext of the Hebrew Bible.
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  • 3
    Article
    Article
    In:  Jewish Literatures in Spanish and Portuguese (2022) 81-153
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2022
    Titel der Quelle: Jewish Literatures in Spanish and Portuguese
    Angaben zur Quelle: (2022) 81-153
    Keywords: Poetry, Medieval History and criticism ; Poetry, Medieval History and criticism ; Jews History Middle Ages, 500-1500 ; Crypto-Jews ; Inquisition
    Abstract: This chapter presents the significance of both Spanish cancioneros and Portuguese cancioneiros for the scholarly examination of medieval Jewish history and literature on the Iberian Peninsula. Through a close integration of historiographical and literary analysis, all major cancioneros are examined and contextualized based on exemplary interpretations. The chapter is divided into six parts. The first part explains the importance of the historical context of warfare in the development of late medieval Iberian cultures. The second part presents Cancionero de Baena and Cancionero de Palacio as the two initial stepping stones of the new poetic style and their connection with the problems endured by both Jews and conversos. The third part explains the evolution that occurred during the reign of Enrique IV (1454-1474), while the fourth part is focused on the reign of the Catholic Monarchs (1474-1504) and on how the Castilian cancioneros can serve as proof of the issues endured by Jewish and converso populations during those uncertain times. The fifth part analyzes the influence of the expulsion of the Jews and of the Inquisition by examining the paramount example of Castilian poetry, the Cancionero general (1511), by Hernando del Castillo. Finally, the sixth part is centered on the expulsion of the Jews from Portugal, showing how this is reflected in the Cancioneiro geral (1516), by Garcia de Resende.
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  • 4
    Article
    Article
    In:  Jewish Literatures in Spanish and Portuguese (2022) 157-184
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2022
    Titel der Quelle: Jewish Literatures in Spanish and Portuguese
    Angaben zur Quelle: (2022) 157-184
    Keywords: Crypto-Jews History ; Sephardim History
    Abstract: This chapter presents a general picture of the cultural, social and religious life of Iberian Judeo-converts and their Jewish descendants between 1497 and 1700. It aims to provide a glimpse of some of the many problems involved in describing their lives and paths such as the fluidity of religious identity, transcontinental migration, early modern tolerance and confessionalisation. While some of those who accepted Christianity under duress continued steadfast in that faith, many others, after careful negotiations, managed to secure places in Europe and even the New World in which forms of Jewish belief and practice were able to flourish either in secret or overtly. Basing itself on the most up-to-date bibliography this chapter gives a general overview of the situation of New Christians in Portugal and Spain, as well as the Western Sephardic diaspora in the Mediterranean, Northern Europe, and the Americas in a constantly changing political and social landscape during the early modern period.
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  • 5
    Article
    Article
    In:  Jewish Literatures in Spanish and Portuguese (2022) 185-219
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2022
    Titel der Quelle: Jewish Literatures in Spanish and Portuguese
    Angaben zur Quelle: (2022) 185-219
    Keywords: Spanish literature History and criticism 16th century ; Spanish literature History and criticism 17th century ; Crypto-Jews in literature
    Abstract: The present study starts from the critical tensions that organize the recognition of converso culture in the seemingly homogenous context of the Spanish sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. For this, the canonizing devices of the literary and the production of invisible marginalities are attended to, and the outstanding works of Francisco Delicado and Mateo Aleman are chosen for an exemplary closereading. We postulate that Spectrality organizes the cultural field under study and that the recognition of the converso constellation could be resolved both in minimal forms such as insults or jokes and in the consolidation of hostile stereotypes typical of anti-Jewish writing. These two options, in the imaginary constellation of literature, ask of each critic a special reading commitment to articulate and interpret the spectral dynamics of such figurations.
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  • 6
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2022
    Titel der Quelle: Jewish Literatures in Spanish and Portuguese
    Angaben zur Quelle: (2022) 185-219
    Keywords: Delicado, Francisco, Criticism and interpretation ; Alemán, Mateo, Criticism and interpretation ; Spanish literature History and criticism ; Jews in literature ; Crypto-Jews
    Abstract: The present study starts from the critical tensions that organize the recognition of converso culture in the seemingly homogenous context of the Spanish sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. For this, the canonizing devices of the literary and the production of invisible marginalities are attended to, and the outstanding works of Francisco Delicado and Mateo Aleman are chosen for an exemplary closereading. We postulate that Spectrality organizes the cultural field under study and that the recognition of the converso constellation could be resolved both in minimal forms such as insults or jokes and in the consolidation of hostile stereotypes typical of anti-Jewish writing. These two options, in the imaginary constellation of literature, ask of each critic a special reading commitment to articulate and interpret the spectral dynamics of such figurations.
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  • 7
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2022
    Titel der Quelle: Jewish Literatures in Spanish and Portuguese
    Angaben zur Quelle: (2022) 221-250
    Keywords: León, ; Jewish authors ; European literature History and criticism Renaissance, 1450-1600 ; Love in literature
    Abstract: This chapter provides a thorough examination of Leone Ebreo’s Dialoghi d’amore - maybe conceived in Ladino, but first printed in Italian - while presenting some hypotheses regarding the significance of Abrabanel’s ideas on love for a long-standing controversy: what are the origins of the conceptualization of love current in ‘Occidental’ literature from the Middle Ages onward? Given the date of production, it is evident that Abrabanel’s text may not be considered as a ‘site of emergence’ (M. Foucault) of certain components of such a concept, but rather as the first textual manifestation extant of an attitude towards the syndrome of a union of the souls and physical pleasures that is peculiar to the Jewish tradition, and that might have inspired European vernacular discourses on love from the “Dark Ages” onward.
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  • 8
    Article
    Article
    In:  Jewish Literatures in Spanish and Portuguese (2022) 297-316
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2022
    Titel der Quelle: Jewish Literatures in Spanish and Portuguese
    Angaben zur Quelle: (2022) 297-316
    Keywords: Jews Legal status, laws, etc. ; Jews History ; Jews Economic conditions
    Abstract: This chapter examines the rich diversity of Sephardic Caribbean Jewish history and culture. Following a comprehensive overview of the colonial history of the Caribbean, it analyzes the legal framework of Jewish settlements. It provides a survey of the economic history of the Caribbean, the particularities of religious and community life, including the particular circumstances of enslavement, and an analysis of the Iberian impact on the language, culture, liturgical works and literature of Caribbean Jewish history.
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  • 9
    Article
    Article
    In:  Jewish Literatures in Spanish and Portuguese (2022) 319-351
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2022
    Titel der Quelle: Jewish Literatures in Spanish and Portuguese
    Angaben zur Quelle: (2022) 319-351
    Keywords: Sephardim History 18th century ; Sephardim History 19th century ; Ladino literature History and criticism 18th century ; Ladino literature History and criticism 19th century ; Rabbinical literature History and criticism ; Haskalah
    Abstract: This chapter presents the key trends in the Sephardic literature of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries - primarily written in Ladino (Judeo-Spanish), but also in Hebrew - from a panoramic perspective, while also offering a profile of the intended audience of this literature. Not all genres of Sephardic literary creativity can be included in my discussion, particularly when it comes to the nineteenth century, when the scope of the Ladino corpus expanded significantly. Rather, this chapter attempts to identify the most prominent genres of this literature in terms of both quantity and quality. In the eighteenth and, even more so, in the nineteenth centuries, the bulk of Sephardic literature was written in the local Ladino vernacular rather than in the high-status language Hebrew. Therefore, Ladino literature was accessible to broad Sephardic audiences who were not literate in Hebrew. Starting in the eighteenth century, Ladino literature began to appeal to a broader audience than ever before, both through the expansion of the use of the vernacular and through the diversification of literary genres along with the strengthening of their popularizing tendencies.
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  • 10
    Article
    Article
    In:  Jewish Literatures in Spanish and Portuguese (2022) 475-521
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2022
    Titel der Quelle: Jewish Literatures in Spanish and Portuguese
    Angaben zur Quelle: (2022) 475-521
    Keywords: Mexican literature Jewish authors ; History and criticism ; Ashkenazim
    Abstract: The focus of this article is on the specificity of Ashkenazic-Mexican literature written in Spanish. It shows how it emerged in the 1970s, authored by second and third generation immigrants and how it focused on challenging the up to then homogenizing national discourse and featured commentaries on Jewish and global topics, claiming ethnic but also gender plurality. The article traces different phases of Ashkenazi-Mexican literature: in the 1970s and 1980s that part of Mexican society obtained literary visibility for the first time, often in fictional texts narrated in third-person singular. In the 1990s, this was followed by autobiographical explorations - mostly by female authors - of hybridity and hyphenated identity in the 1990s with particular emphasis on female empowerment and the challenging of patriarchal hierarchies. The article also deals with topics of migration to Mexico and (post-traumatic) memory as entangled history and the dynamics between remembering and oblivion. To put it in a nutshell: Ashkenazi-Mexican authors, such as Margo Glantz, Sabina Berman, and Gloria Gervitz, do no longer figure as representatives of a peripheral, marginal literature, but are in the center of a Mexican literature now conceived as one full of linguistic and literary cosmopolitism beyond national boundaries.
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