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  • 1
    Article
    Article
    Die lutherische "Zweireichelehre" und der Widerstand im Dritten Reich : zu D. Bonhoeffers Aufsatz "Die Kirche vor der Judenfrage", 15. April 1933. (1988)
    In:  Kirchliche Zeitgeschichte 1,2 (1988) 215-244
    Details
    ISSN: 0932-9951
    Language: German
    Year of publication: 1988
    Titel der Quelle: Kirchliche Zeitgeschichte
    Angaben zur Quelle: 1,2 (1988) 215-244
    Keywords: Bonhoeffer, Dietrich, ; Church history 20th century ; Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945)
    Abstract: A critique of Bonhoeffer's 1933 essay in which he attempted to clarify whether the Church had a right to intervene against the state's violation of human rights (specifically in regard to the Nazi law dismissing Jews from the civil service) in light of the Lutheran doctrine of church-state relations. States that Bonhoeffer called for active resistance by the Church only if the state interfered in its internal affairs - for example, when it demanded the exclusion of non-Aryan Christians. He said that the Jewish people itself is in the hands of God and no human solution to the Jewish problem is possible. The Church must remind the state of its responsibility for upholding human rights, but should go no further. A similar attitude is evident in the Barmen Declaration of the Confessing Church. (See C. Strohm's criticism of this article).
    Description / Table of Contents: Strohm, Christoph. "Zweireichelehre" und antiliberales Rechtsverständnis bei Bonhoeffer? Zu G. Ringshausens Interpretation des Aufsatzes "Die Kirche vor der Judenfrage". Ibid. 245-266.
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  • 2
    Article
    Article
    Denmark during the Second World War : "exceptio probat regulam"?. (2003)
    In:  Kirchliche Zeitgeschichte 16,1 (2003) 169-184
    Details
    ISSN: 0932-9951
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2003
    Titel der Quelle: Kirchliche Zeitgeschichte
    Angaben zur Quelle: 16,1 (2003) 169-184
    Keywords: Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945)
    Abstract: Examines the rescue of Jews by the Danes in October 1943, reflecting on the question whether this case was an exception to the general anti-Jewish trend in Europe. Contends that a characteristic trait of Northern European Christian theology is its binary dialectics, due to which a Scandinavian Christian may deprecate Judaism but at the same time appreciate Jews. The Danes' national mentality, in particular, and their distinct group solidarity affected both Danish theology and the perception of Jews; they were viewed by the Danes as members of the Danish national community. The rescue operation of 1943 was an act of solidarity with fellow Danes rather than an act of philosemitism. Thus, this operation can be understood both as an exception that tests the notion that antisemitism was ubiquitous in Europe, but also an exception which demonstrates the rule.
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  • 3
    Article
    Article
    Overcoming prejudice : the Danish Church and the Jews 1918-1945; stepping into the breach or relativizing antisemitism?. (2003)
    In:  Kirchliche Zeitgeschichte 16,1 (2003) 149-168
    Details
    ISSN: 0932-9951
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2003
    Titel der Quelle: Kirchliche Zeitgeschichte
    Angaben zur Quelle: 16,1 (2003) 149-168
    Keywords: Antisemitism ; Jews ; Judaism Relations ; Christianity ; Christianity and other religions Judaism ; Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945)
    Abstract: The rescue of Jews by the Danish resistance movement in October 1943 engendered the myth that the Danes were innately immune to antisemitism and that Danish antisemitism, if it existed, was a German import to a nation having no autochthonous anti-Jewish tradition. Many facts disprove this myth. Focuses on the attitudes of Danish Lutheran Church leaders toward the Jews and Judaism from the early 19th century to World War II. Although aggressive racial antisemitism found little support in milieus affiliated with the Lutheran Church, anti-Judaic and anti-Jewish stereotypes were widespread and constituted core elements of identity formation. Danish spiritual leaders opposed the integration of the Jews with the Danish nation other than through conversion. In their discourse, they made no clear distinction between Judaism as a religion and the Jews as people. In the 1930s many clerical writers justified the German solution of the "Jewish question". They began to change their views only after the "Kristallnacht" pogrom, and some only after the Nazi occupation and the first news concerning the Holocaust.
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  • 4
    Article
    Article
    A lesson from Egypt on the origins of modern anti-Semitism in the Middle East. (2003)
    In:  Kirchliche Zeitgeschichte 16,1 (2003) 127-148
    Details
    ISSN: 0932-9951
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2003
    Titel der Quelle: Kirchliche Zeitgeschichte
    Angaben zur Quelle: 16,1 (2003) 127-148
    Keywords: Antisemitism History 1500- ; Antisemitism History 1945- ; Islam Relations ; Judaism ; Antisemitism ; Jewish-Arab relations History 1945-
    Abstract: Discusses antisemitism in Egypt, relating to events and personalities in the 20th century and in the present day. Notes that the blood libel is a recurrent theme. Expounds on the TV film series "Horseman without a Horse" (2002), which is based in part on the "Protocols of the Elders of Zion", and the general failure of Egyptian intellectuals to denounce it. Many in the Arab world interpreted the terrorist attack of 9/11 as a "Jewish conspiracy". Holocaust denial in the Arab world is connected with the popularity there of Roger Garaudy. Discusses how the dhimmi status of the Jew changed with the modernization of Muslim societies. Attributes the anti-Jewish attitudes of Amin al-Husaini to politics rather than religion. Reports on the recent affair of "Al Ahram" editor Nafie's publication of a blood libel charge based on the 19th-century Damascus affair. In contrast, focuses on the 1930s, when Egyptians might have been expected to be antisemitic (when Germans tried to import antisemitism and local Jews protested) but were not, and a leading Egyptian journal opposed antisemitism. Notes the broad influence of the "Protocols" in the Arab world, but also condemnation of it by President Mubarak's political advisor, Osama al-Baz. Concludes that, in regard to antisemitism in the Middle East, one should not draw any conclusions about the past (pre-1948) based on the present (anti-Zionism today).
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  • 5
    Article
    Article
    Estonians, Baltic Germans, and their Lutheran teachings about the Jews 1919-1945. (2003)
    In:  Kirchliche Zeitgeschichte 16,1 (2003) 112-126
    Details
    ISSN: 0932-9951
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2003
    Titel der Quelle: Kirchliche Zeitgeschichte
    Angaben zur Quelle: 16,1 (2003) 112-126
    Keywords: Jews ; Judaism Relations ; Christianity ; Christianity and other religions Judaism ; Jews History ; Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945)
    Abstract: The Estonian Lutheran Church was markedly free of animosity toward Jews and Judaism before 1939. The majority of the populace was also free of antisemitism, despite the existence of minor extremist, nationalist groups. Nevertheless, the Lutheran Church failed to condemn the "Kristallnacht" pogrom in Germany. Neither the anti-Jewish theology of the "German Christians, " nor the Nazi terror against the Jews were reported in the official organ of the Estonian Lutheran Church, "Eesti Kirik." The harsh experience of the Soviet occupation of 1940-41 made the Church view the Nazis as liberators. Some of the clergymen, as well as many other Estonians, regarded the Jews as a group that had benefited from the Soviet occupation, despite the fact that 10% of the Jews had been deported by the Soviets. With all that, the Estonian Church as a whole was not affected by antisemitism and its clergymen did not participate in the Holocaust, despite later Soviet allegations on that point. The only Estonians recognized by Yad Vashem as Righteous among the Nations are the Lutheran theologian Uku Masing and his wife.
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  • 6
    Article
    Article
    Catholic teachings about Jews in Spain compared with Argentina during the Holocaust era, 1933-1945. (2003)
    In:  Kirchliche Zeitgeschichte 16,1 (2003) 92-111
    Details
    ISSN: 0932-9951
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2003
    Titel der Quelle: Kirchliche Zeitgeschichte
    Angaben zur Quelle: 16,1 (2003) 92-111
    Keywords: Catholic Church Textbooks Education ; Antisemitism in education History 20th century ; Antisemitism in education History 20th century ; Christianity and antisemitism History 1933-1945 ; Christianity and antisemitism History 20th century ; Christianity and antisemitism History 20th century ; Christianity Textbooks ; Jews Study and teaching ; Jews Study and teaching
    Abstract: Compares Catholic textbooks used in Spain and Argentina in the years 1933-1945. Concludes that there were texts, especially for early primary grades but also through high school, which fostered antisemitism. In Spain, Christian theology, including charges against the Jews of deicide and ritual murder, was combined with an interpretation of Spanish history that justified the expulsion of 1492 and the activities of the Inquisition. While Argentina lacked the history of a long-standing Jewish presence and the rejection of Jews, the textbooks expounded traditional Christian antisemitism along with modern secular antisemitism, including the idea of a Jewish world conspiracy.
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  • 7
    Article
    Article
    Anti-Semitism and the Vatican : on anti-Judaism, anti-Semitism, and the Holocaust. (2003)
    In:  Kirchliche Zeitgeschichte 16,1 (2003) 76-91
    Details
    ISSN: 0932-9951
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2003
    Titel der Quelle: Kirchliche Zeitgeschichte
    Angaben zur Quelle: 16,1 (2003) 76-91
    Keywords: Catholic Church Relations ; Judaism ; Civiltà cattolica ; Christianity and antisemitism History 1945- ; Antisemitism
    Abstract: Contends that conservative forces in the Vatican have attempted to counter the progressive aspects of the Vatican document "We Remember" (1998), building on the document's attempt to diminish the Church's responsibility for the Holocaust by espousing a false dichotomy between anti-Judaism (to which the Vatican admitted guilt) and antisemitism (alleged to be Nazi and pagan). The Vatican-approved campaign against Kertzer's "The Popes against the Jews" (2001) illustrates a trend toward claiming that the Church was not antisemitic, while at the same time using antisemitic arguments to justify the Church's anti-Judaism. Cites proofs of the Church's modern economic and social, as well as religious, antisemitism. Criticizes the article by Giovanni Sale, "Antigiudaismo o antisemitismo?" which appeared in "La Civilta Cattolica" 3647 (2002). Kertzer admits that he was naive in thinking that his book might help encourage anti-antisemitism in the Catholic Church.
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  • 8
    Article
    Article
    Christian teaching about Jews in Protestant Germany (1919-1945). (2003)
    In:  Kirchliche Zeitgeschichte 16,1 (2003) 37-51
    Details
    ISSN: 0932-9951
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2003
    Titel der Quelle: Kirchliche Zeitgeschichte
    Angaben zur Quelle: 16,1 (2003) 37-51
    Keywords: Stöcker, Adolf, ; Evangelische Kirche in Deutschland ; Antisemitism History 1871- ; Christianity and antisemitism History 1918-1933 ; Christianity and antisemitism History 1933-1945 ; Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945)
    Abstract: Antisemitism, on the rise in Germany from the mid-1870s, also affected the Protestant Church. Adolf Stöcker saw a way to the "rechristianization" of human society in the elimination of the Jewish minority; however, he advocated conversion of the Jews, not their destruction. In the Weimar period, Wilhelm Lueder of Hannover and other Church spokesmen blamed Jews for all Germany's problems and called for a war against the "Jewish mind". They, too, advocated conversion as the solution. Under Nazi rule many Church leaders attuned their preachers and Christian youth instruction to Nazi racial antisemitism and anti-Jewish policies. There was some opposition to the antisemitic tendency in German Protestantism, but it was suppressed in the Nazi period.
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  • 9
    Article
    Article
    Abraham Geiger and the 19th-century failure of Christian-Jewish relations. (2003)
    In:  Kirchliche Zeitgeschichte 16,1 (2003) 17-36
    Details
    ISSN: 0932-9951
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2003
    Titel der Quelle: Kirchliche Zeitgeschichte
    Angaben zur Quelle: 16,1 (2003) 17-36
    Keywords: Graetz, Heinrich, ; Geiger, Abraham, ; Bible Philosophy ; Bible Theology ; Bible Criticism, interpretation, etc., Christian ; Jewish philosophy 1500- ; Judaism Relations 1500- ; Christianity
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  • 10
    Article
    Article
    The Rev. Kruszynski and Polish Catholic teachings about Jews and Judaism in interwar Poland. (2003)
    In:  Kirchliche Zeitgeschichte 16,1 (2003) 52-75
    Details
    ISSN: 0932-9951
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2003
    Titel der Quelle: Kirchliche Zeitgeschichte
    Angaben zur Quelle: 16,1 (2003) 52-75
    Keywords: Kruszynski, Józef ; Christianity and antisemitism History 1800-2000 ; Antisemitism History 1800-2000
    Abstract: Józef Kruszyński (1877-1953) was a prolific and influential Catholic theologian and Bible scholar, and a reputed expert on Judaism. He authored a full range of antisemitic books, brochures, and articles, mainly between 1919-25. His views were a mixture of modern antisemitism and traditional anti-Judaism. Kruszyński propagated a simplified and deformed image of Jews and Judaism. He regarded the Talmud as an anti-Christian book, imbued with hatred and finding its full expression in communism. He believed in the authenticity of the "Protocols of the Elders of Zion". He saw the Jews as Poland's foremost problem and called for their social segregation. His views were not meant to represent those of the Polish Church, but the Church never officially repudiated his writings.
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