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  • 1990-1994  (31)
  • Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945)  (30)
  • Jews  (5)
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  • 1
    Article
    Article
    The Allies and the Holocaust : a reappraisal. (1994)
    In:  Yad Vashem Studies 24 (1994) 147-176
    Details
    ISSN: 0084-3296
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 1994
    Titel der Quelle: Yad Vashem Studies
    Angaben zur Quelle: 24 (1994) 147-176
    Keywords: Karski, Jan, ; Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) ; World War, 1939-1945 Diplomatic history
    Abstract: Stating that the Allies did virtually nothing to alleviate the plight of the Jews in Nazi-occupied Europe during the Holocaust, reflects on the causes of this inactivity. Considers both the 1933-39 period and the war period. The earlier period was one of economic recovery for the USA, so not much could be done for the refugees from Germany; besides, Germany was not the only country which conducted an antisemitic policy. Among the factors which prevented the Allies' active intervention on behalf of the Jews during the war period were the remoteness of the war theater from the mass annihilation points before 1944; the unwillingness of the Allies to single out Jews from all the victims of Nazism; their unwillingness to deflect their forces from military efforts; and the attitude of "rescue through victory." In the entire 1933-45 period, national interests of the combatants had priority over humanitarian concerns.
    Note: See also in Hebrew. , Appeared also in "Encyclopedia of the Holocaust" (2000) 72-84. A revised Spanish translation appeared as "Los Aliados y el Holocausto" in "Shoá; Enciclopedia del Holocausto" (2004).
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  • 2
    Article
    Article
    Youth and resistance movements in historical perspective. (1993)
    In:  Yad Vashem Studies 23 (1993) 1-71
    Details
    ISSN: 0084-3296
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 1993
    Titel der Quelle: Yad Vashem Studies
    Angaben zur Quelle: 23 (1993) 1-71
    Keywords: Youth movements, Jewish ; Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) ; World War, 1939-1945 Jewish resistance
    Abstract: Based on memories of his experiences as a member of Hashomer Hatzair and of the Jewish Fighting Organization, Gutman describes the structure and activities of the Zionist youth organizations in Warsaw before and during the war. Stresses the reorientation toward more practical and mutual aid activities after the establishment of the ghetto. The movements ceased to be preoccupied solely with their own internal affairs and turned their attention to broader public issues, such as labor camps, relations with the Judenrat, relations between Jews and Poles, and reports from other ghettos. The youth organizations became the avant-garde of the Jewish resistance, due also to the leadership aptitudes of Mordechaj Anielewicz and others. Mentions that the Germans did not take any interest in the internal life of the Jewish community. The armed resistance in the ghetto represented the conception of "a Jewish war", which originated in the Vilna ghetto, totally separate from the Polish anti-Nazi resistance.
    Note: See also in Hebrew.
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  • 3
    Article
    Article
    The daily life of the village and country Jews in Hessen from Hitler's ascent to power to November 1938. (1992)
    In:  Yad Vashem Studies 22 (1992) 147-198
    Details
    ISSN: 0084-3296
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 1992
    Titel der Quelle: Yad Vashem Studies
    Angaben zur Quelle: 22 (1992) 147-198
    Keywords: Jews History 1933-1939 ; Antisemitism History 20th century ; Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) ; Hesse (Germany)
    Abstract: Discusses the situation of Hesse's Jews and their relations with their German neighbors before the Nazi ascent to power; these relations in the first years of the Nazi regime and in 1936-38; the attitudes of the general population, the local authorities, and the Churches, both Protestant and Catholic, to the Jews; and Jewish reactions to Nazism. Shows that while in 1933-35 the situation of the Jews depended on the locality, in 1936-38 it not only deteriorated, but became uniformly bad; that rural Jews suffered from official and popular antisemitism more than Jews in the large cities; and that emigration was more difficult for them. The main direction of migration for these Jews was to the cities. Surmises that the Nazis favored the concentration of the Jews in large cities.
    Note: In Hebrew: , "יד ושם; קובץ מחקרים" כב (תשנג) 117-156
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  • 4
    Article
    Article
    Jews in the resistance and partisan movements in the Soviet Ukraine. (1993)
    In:  Yad Vashem Studies 23 (1993) 155-170
    Details
    ISSN: 0084-3296
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 1993
    Titel der Quelle: Yad Vashem Studies
    Angaben zur Quelle: 23 (1993) 155-170
    Keywords: Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) ; Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) ; World War, 1939-1945 Jewish resistance
    Abstract: Describes the Soviet partisan movement in Ukraine and estimates Jewish participation in it. The first Jewish resistance groups in the Ukraine were not formed in the prewar Soviet regions (where a bulk of eligible, able-bodied Jews were either conscripted in the summer of 1941 or evacuated, while others were shot by the Nazis during the first weeks of the German occupation), but in the western, formerly Polish regions and in Transnistria. Later, these groups were included in mixed partisan divisions. A large number of the Jewish partisan fighters were former POWs who had escaped from POW camps. Jews held various positions in the partisan units in Ukraine, from rank-and-file to commanders. Discusses divergent statistics on the partisan movement in Ukraine, including estimates of the number of Jewish partisans.
    Note: Appeared in Russian as "Участие евреев в сопротивлении и партизанском движении на территории Советской Украины" in "Яд Вашем; исследования" 1 (2009) 155-170. , In Hebrew: , "יד ושם; קובץ מחקרים" כג (תשנד) 91-102; "הקונגרס העולמי למדעי היהדות" 11,ב, כרך 2 (תשנג) 305-309
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  • 5
    Article
    Article
    The Jewish statutes in Vichy France and public opinion. (1992)
    In:  Yad Vashem Studies 22 (1992) 89-114
    Details
    ISSN: 0084-3296
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 1992
    Titel der Quelle: Yad Vashem Studies
    Angaben zur Quelle: 22 (1992) 89-114
    Keywords: Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) ; Jews Legal status, laws, etc.
    Abstract: A modified version of a lecture held in French at a colloquium on the Vichy government's Jewish Statutes, in Paris in October 1990. Discusses methodological problems in studying specific reactions and the public behavior of Frenchmen following the Vichy anti-Jewish legislation, and difficulties in explaining the silence and indifference prevalent during the first month of the Vichy regime. Surveys a spectrum of reactions: active antisemitism, silence of the Catholic clergy (with some exceptions), timid protests expressed by resistance organizations and the communists' stronger reactions. It was only after the second statute (in June 1941) that the Résistance denounced the anti-Jewish persecution in clear terms. Proposes "tentative explanations" for the government's policy and the dominant inertia, remarking that a permanent substratum of antisemitic feelings in France coincided with other cultural factors in the specific period of the early 1940s. Concludes that the fate of the Jews was not a major concern of the French people as a whole.
    Note: Appeared in Hebrew in "Yad Vashem" 22 (1993) 69-88; in French in "Le Monde Juif" 142 (1991) 60-75.
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  • 6
    Article
    Article
    Jewish units in the Soviet partisan movement - selected documents. (1993)
    In:  Yad Vashem Studies 23 (1993) 397-423
    Details
    ISSN: 0084-3296
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 1993
    Titel der Quelle: Yad Vashem Studies
    Angaben zur Quelle: 23 (1993) 397-423
    Keywords: Bielski, Tuvia ; Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) ; Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) ; World War, 1939-1945 Jewish resistance
    Abstract: Pp. 397-399 contain a preface discussing briefly two Jewish partisan units in Belarus which were combined with family camps - that of the Bielski brothers and that of Shalom Zorin. Pp. 400-411 contain a history of Bielski's unit, as recorded for the Soviet command by Tuvia Bielski in 1944. Pp. 412-418 contain a report on the activities of Zorin's unit, compiled for the same purpose in 1944 by the unit's commissar, Feigelman, as well as brief battle dispatches of this unit, sent to the secretary of the Ivenets party committee. Pp. 419-423 contain two letters, written in 1941 and 1944 by Isaac Bruk, a Jewish military pilot in the Soviet Air Force, who was captured by the Germans in 1941 and managed to survive.
    Note: See also in Hebrew.
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  • 7
    Article
    Article
    The role of the Wehrmacht and the police in the annihilation of the Jews : the prosecution and postwar careers of perpetrators in the police force of the Federal Republic of Germany. (1993)
    In:  Yad Vashem Studies 23 (1993) 295-319
    Details
    ISSN: 0084-3296
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 1993
    Titel der Quelle: Yad Vashem Studies
    Angaben zur Quelle: 23 (1993) 295-319
    Keywords: Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) Influence ; War crime trials ; Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945)
    Abstract: During the Second World War the German army collaborated in various degrees with the SS and police in mass annihilation of Jews and other victims, especially in the USSR and Yugoslavia. In rare cases when perpetrators were prosecuted under the Nazi regime, the prosecuted were pardoned by the highest authorities (Hitler, Himmler, etc.). Those who refused to participate in the mass killings were never punished by their superiors; therefore, participation was voluntary to a great extent. Only a small number of perpetrators was prosecuted after the war in the FRG, and in many cases their penalties were not commensurate with their crimes. Some of the perpetrators had brilliant careers as police officers in the 1940s-50s, before they were brought to trial.
    Note: See also in Hebrew.
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  • 8
    Article
    Article
    From underground to armed struggle : the resistance movement in the Bialystok ghetto. (1993)
    In:  Yad Vashem Studies 23 (1993) 145-171
    Details
    ISSN: 0084-3296
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 1993
    Titel der Quelle: Yad Vashem Studies
    Angaben zur Quelle: 23 (1993) 145-171
    Keywords: World War, 1939-1945 Jewish resistance ; Jewish ghettos ; Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) ; Jews ; Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945)
    Abstract: Discusses the consolidation of the resistance movement in the Białystok ghetto, from the entry of Nazi troops into the city on June 1941 until the last "Aktion" in August 1943. Describes the difficulties in creating a joint resistance organization due to the ideological and practical divergences between the communists and the Zionist Hashomer Hatzair and Dror. Mentions the contacts with the underground movements in the Vilna and Warsaw ghettos. Focuses on the personality of Mordechai Tenenbaum, the Dror leader, appointed as head of the United Combat Organization in Białystok, and his contacts with Efraim Barasz, the chairman of the Judenrat, who secretly supported the underground. At the end of July 1943, the representatives of all the factions agreed to establish a common front, but they went into action only during the last Nazi "Aktion".
    Note: See also in Hebrew. , Appeared also in "Holocaust; Critical Concepts in Historical Studies" IV (2004).
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  • 9
    Article
    Article
    The Jews of France and the statutes on Jews, 1940-1941. (1992)
    In:  Yad Vashem Studies 22 (1992) 115-146
    Details
    ISSN: 0084-3296
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 1992
    Titel der Quelle: Yad Vashem Studies
    Angaben zur Quelle: 22 (1992) 115-146
    Keywords: Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) ; Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) ; Jews Legal status, laws, etc.
    Abstract: Analyzes the reactions of French Jewish communal leaders after the promulgation of the first statute on Jews (October 1940) by the Vichy government and the emergence of the antisemitic campaign in the press. The strategy of the Central Consistory was based on the conviction that the statute was imposed on the French authorities by the Germans. Asserts that the misconception was upheld in order to safeguard the idea of the integration of the Jews in French society. Jewish leaders maintained cordial personal relations with French officials. They sent frequent protests against discrimination while adopting a legalistic position of obedience and loyalty. Consistory authorities made great efforts to refute antisemitic allegations in the press and to amend the anti-Jewish legislation by emphasizing the wrong done to France by the terms of the statute. Notes that concern for legality and for adaptation to the new situation typified not only the Jewish leaders but a large proportion of Jewish public opinion in 1940-41.
    Note: See also in Hebrew.
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  • 10
    Article
    Article
    Confronting the reality of the Holocaust : Richard Lichtheim, 1939-1942. (1993)
    In:  Yad Vashem Studies 23 (1993) 335-368
    Details
    ISSN: 0084-3296
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 1993
    Titel der Quelle: Yad Vashem Studies
    Angaben zur Quelle: 23 (1993) 335-368
    Keywords: Lichtheim, Richard, ; Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945)
    Abstract: Richard Lichtheim, the representative of the Zionist Organization and the Jewish Agency in Geneva in the war years, was one of the first Jewish observers to realize that the Nazis were carrying out a systematic extermination of the Jews. At the beginning of the war, Lichtheim believed that the ghettoization of the Jews in Poland was the only aim of the Nazis, but in March-June 1942 he understood that there was a Nazi plan to destroy the Jews and that the deportations to the East meant death. Using the information he received from various sources, he tried to impel the Allies and the Vatican to undertake political measures against Germany and its satellites, as well as to convince the Zionist leadership to place the rescue of the European Jews at the top of its international agenda and not to offer immigration to Palestine as an exclusive solution.
    Note: See also in Hebrew.
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