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  • English  (31)
  • 1990-1994  (31)
  • Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945)  (29)
  • Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) Influence  (3)
  • Jewish ghettos
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  • 1
    Article
    Article
    Confronting the reality of the Holocaust : Richard Lichtheim, 1939-1942. (1993)
    In:  Yad Vashem Studies 23 (1993) 335-368
    Details
    ISSN: 0084-3296
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 1993
    Titel der Quelle: Yad Vashem Studies
    Angaben zur Quelle: 23 (1993) 335-368
    Keywords: Lichtheim, Richard, ; Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945)
    Abstract: Richard Lichtheim, the representative of the Zionist Organization and the Jewish Agency in Geneva in the war years, was one of the first Jewish observers to realize that the Nazis were carrying out a systematic extermination of the Jews. At the beginning of the war, Lichtheim believed that the ghettoization of the Jews in Poland was the only aim of the Nazis, but in March-June 1942 he understood that there was a Nazi plan to destroy the Jews and that the deportations to the East meant death. Using the information he received from various sources, he tried to impel the Allies and the Vatican to undertake political measures against Germany and its satellites, as well as to convince the Zionist leadership to place the rescue of the European Jews at the top of its international agenda and not to offer immigration to Palestine as an exclusive solution.
    Note: See also in Hebrew.
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  • 2
    Article
    Article
    Antonescu and the Jews. (1993)
    In:  Yad Vashem Studies 23 (1993) 213-280
    Details
    ISSN: 0084-3296
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 1993
    Titel der Quelle: Yad Vashem Studies
    Angaben zur Quelle: 23 (1993) 213-280
    Keywords: Antonescu, Ion, ; Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) ; Jews History 1933-1945 ; Antisemitism History 20th century
    Abstract: Based on documents from Romanian, German, and Russian archives, examines Ion Antonescu's policy toward the Jews during his military dictatorship (1940-44) and his responsibility for the mass deportations to Transnistria and the massacres of Jews in Bessarabia, Bukovina, and Odessa. Analyzes his nationalistic and antisemitic ideology, as well as his attitudes during the Bucharest pogrom (January 1941) and the Iași pogrom (June 1941). Discusses the circumstances of Antonescu's agreement and then refusal in 1942 to engage in the Nazi plan of total annihilation of Romanian Jewry. Concludes that Antonescu's regime was responsible for the death of at least 350,000 Jews, including 100,000 Ukrainian Jews.
    Note: Appeared also in "The Holocaust and History" (1998) 463-479. , In Hebrew: , "יד ושם; קובץ מחקרים" כג (תשנד) 151-197
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  • 3
    Article
    Article
    Jews in the resistance and partisan movements in the Soviet Ukraine. (1993)
    In:  Yad Vashem Studies 23 (1993) 155-170
    Details
    ISSN: 0084-3296
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 1993
    Titel der Quelle: Yad Vashem Studies
    Angaben zur Quelle: 23 (1993) 155-170
    Keywords: Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) ; Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) ; World War, 1939-1945 Jewish resistance
    Abstract: Describes the Soviet partisan movement in Ukraine and estimates Jewish participation in it. The first Jewish resistance groups in the Ukraine were not formed in the prewar Soviet regions (where a bulk of eligible, able-bodied Jews were either conscripted in the summer of 1941 or evacuated, while others were shot by the Nazis during the first weeks of the German occupation), but in the western, formerly Polish regions and in Transnistria. Later, these groups were included in mixed partisan divisions. A large number of the Jewish partisan fighters were former POWs who had escaped from POW camps. Jews held various positions in the partisan units in Ukraine, from rank-and-file to commanders. Discusses divergent statistics on the partisan movement in Ukraine, including estimates of the number of Jewish partisans.
    Note: Appeared in Russian as "Участие евреев в сопротивлении и партизанском движении на территории Советской Украины" in "Яд Вашем; исследования" 1 (2009) 155-170. , In Hebrew: , "יד ושם; קובץ מחקרים" כג (תשנד) 91-102; "הקונגרס העולמי למדעי היהדות" 11,ב, כרך 2 (תשנג) 305-309
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  • 4
    Article
    Article
    The Jewish statutes in Vichy France and public opinion. (1992)
    In:  Yad Vashem Studies 22 (1992) 89-114
    Details
    ISSN: 0084-3296
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 1992
    Titel der Quelle: Yad Vashem Studies
    Angaben zur Quelle: 22 (1992) 89-114
    Keywords: Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) ; Jews Legal status, laws, etc.
    Abstract: A modified version of a lecture held in French at a colloquium on the Vichy government's Jewish Statutes, in Paris in October 1990. Discusses methodological problems in studying specific reactions and the public behavior of Frenchmen following the Vichy anti-Jewish legislation, and difficulties in explaining the silence and indifference prevalent during the first month of the Vichy regime. Surveys a spectrum of reactions: active antisemitism, silence of the Catholic clergy (with some exceptions), timid protests expressed by resistance organizations and the communists' stronger reactions. It was only after the second statute (in June 1941) that the Résistance denounced the anti-Jewish persecution in clear terms. Proposes "tentative explanations" for the government's policy and the dominant inertia, remarking that a permanent substratum of antisemitic feelings in France coincided with other cultural factors in the specific period of the early 1940s. Concludes that the fate of the Jews was not a major concern of the French people as a whole.
    Note: Appeared in Hebrew in "Yad Vashem" 22 (1993) 69-88; in French in "Le Monde Juif" 142 (1991) 60-75.
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  • 5
    Article
    Article
    A contribution to the study of terror in the so-called independent state of Croatia : concentration camps for women in 1941-1942. (1990)
    In:  Yad Vashem Studies 20 (1990) 1-52
    Details
    ISSN: 0084-3296
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 1990
    Titel der Quelle: Yad Vashem Studies
    Angaben zur Quelle: 20 (1990) 1-52
    Keywords: Nazi concentration camps ; Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) ; Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) ; Jewish women in the Holocaust
    Abstract: Surveys anti-Jewish measures and legislation introduced in Croatia by the Ustasha regime, following the promulgation of the special racial statutes in 1941. These included a yellow badge for Jews over the age of 14, confiscation of Jewish property, and deportation to forced labor in concentration camps established between 1941-42. Gives details on the transit camp in Zagreb, and focuses on concentration camps in which most of the inmates were women and children: Kruscica, Lobor, Gornja Rijeka, Dakovo, Tenje. Some of the inmates were transferred to the Jasenovac camp and murdered there or deported to Auschwitz. Mentions, also, the deportation and murder of the Croatian Gypsies. Concludes that besides the huge numbers of Jews and Gypsies murdered in these camps, some 5,000 Jews were deported by the Germans themselves, with the consent of the Croatians.
    Note: See also in Hebrew.
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  • 6
    Article
    Article
    Polemics with Nazism in the newspapers "Zidov" and "Jevrejski Glas" in Yugoslavia, 1935-1941. (1991)
    In:  Yad Vashem Studies 21 (1991) 287-314
    Details
    ISSN: 0084-3296
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 1991
    Titel der Quelle: Yad Vashem Studies
    Angaben zur Quelle: 21 (1991) 287-314
    Keywords: Jewish periodicals ; Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) ; Jews Periodicals
    Abstract: Discusses the Yugoslav Jewish response to Nazi propaganda as reflected in articles published in the newspapers "Židov" of Zagreb, identified with the Zionist movement, and "Jevrejski Glas" of Sarajevo, which stressed the rights of Jews in Yugoslavia. Both papers denounced Nazism as "a cult of the spirit of war", and antisemitism as an "irrational belief", speaking against publication of the "Protocols of the Elders of Zion". They sensed that Nazism endangered the very existence of civilization, and they exposed the lies of its anti-Jewish campaign. Both papers echoed the identity crisis of secular Jews, and confusion in the face of the unprecedented Nazi menace. Refers, also, to the antisemitic press in Yugoslavia, such as the "Katolički Tjednik" and "Sarajevski List", which openly called for the murder of the Jews in 1941.
    Note: See also in Hebrew.
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  • 7
    Article
    Article
    Argentina's immigration policy during the Holocaust (1938-1945). (1991)
    In:  Yad Vashem Studies 21 (1991) 155-188
    Details
    ISSN: 0084-3296
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 1991
    Titel der Quelle: Yad Vashem Studies
    Angaben zur Quelle: 21 (1991) 155-188
    Keywords: Jews History 1939-1945 ; Jewish refugees History 20th century ; Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) Influence ; Argentina Emigration and immigration 20th century ; Government policy ; History
    Note: In Hebrew: , "יד ושם; קובץ מחקרים" כא (תשנא) 125-151
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  • 8
    Article
    Article
    On a mission against all odds : Samuel Zygelbojm in London (April 1942-May 1943). (1990)
    In:  Yad Vashem Studies 20 (1990) 237-271
    Details
    ISSN: 0084-3296
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 1990
    Titel der Quelle: Yad Vashem Studies
    Angaben zur Quelle: 20 (1990) 237-271
    Keywords: Zygielbojm, Szmul, ; Ogólny Żydowski Związek Robotniczy "Bund" w Polsce ; Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) Rescue ; Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) ; Jews History 1939-1945
    Abstract: Based on archival materials (letters, reports), surveys the rescue activities and the suicide (on 12 May 1943) of Szmul Zygielbojm, the Bund representative to the Polish National Council in London. Discusses the dissension between Zygielbojm and other Jewish bodies active in London (e.g. Ignacy Schwarzbart) on the background of the alarming reports he received from Leon Feiner on the annihilation of Polish Jews. Emphasizes Zygielbojm's campaign to mobilize British public opinion and his pressure on the Polish government-in-exile to take practical steps. Notes the crisis of confidence between Zygielbojm and the Polish National Council, provoked especially by its passivity towards antisemitic attacks in the Polish right-wing press even during the deportation of the Jews and the unwillingness of the Polish underground to aid in the Warsaw ghetto uprising. He committed suicide in the hope that his act would break the world's apathy to the destruction of Polish Jewry.
    Note: See also in Hebrew. , Appeared also in "Holocaust; Critical Concepts in Historical Studies" IV (2004).
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  • 9
    Article
    Article
    The fateful decision : the flight of the Jews into the Soviet interior in the summer of 1941. (1990)
    In:  Yad Vashem Studies 20 (1990) 115-142
    Details
    ISSN: 0084-3296
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 1990
    Titel der Quelle: Yad Vashem Studies
    Angaben zur Quelle: 20 (1990) 115-142
    Keywords: Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945)
    Abstract: Describes the difficult situation of the Jewish populations of the Ukraine, Belarus, Moldavia, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and districts in Russia after the outbreak of the war. Mentions that the Soviet decision of 27 June 1941 to evacuate came too late, when large parts of these territories had already been occupied by the German army. There was confusion among the Jews facing the decision to stay or to follow the Red Army in its retreat. Success in escaping was determined by the attitudes of local authorities toward evacuation, the interdiction to abandon work posts, the shortage of means of transportation, preferential treatment accorded to state officials and their families, and the refusal of many Soviet border authorities to allow border crossings. The total number of Jewish escapees and evacuees from western Poland and the German-annexed areas is estimated at 140,000-170,000.
    Note: Appeared in Russian as "Судьбоносное решение: бегство евреев во внутренние районы СССР летом 1941 года" in "Яд Вашем; исследования" 1 (2009) 43-71.
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  • 10
    Article
    Article
    The Holocaust of Soviet Jewry in the occupied territories of the Soviet Union. (1991)
    In:  Yad Vashem Studies 21 (1991) 1-47
    Details
    ISSN: 0084-3296
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 1991
    Titel der Quelle: Yad Vashem Studies
    Angaben zur Quelle: 21 (1991) 1-47
    Keywords: Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945)
    Abstract: A comprehensive survey of how the Germans murdered most of the Jews in the occupied territories of the USSR between 1941-44. Describes the organization and advance of the Einsatzgruppen, and the cooperation of the Waffen-SS, the German military administration, German police battalions, and police units composed of local volunteers. Delineates three phases in the killing operations: 22 June 1941 to winter 1941-42, when most of the Jews in Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, eastern Belorussia, eastern Ukraine, Moldavia, and the occupied areas of the RSFSR were killed; spring 1942 to the end of 1942, when most of the Jews in the western Ukraine and Belorussia, and the southern areas of the RSFSR, were killed; the beginning of 1943 to summer 1944, when the Jews who had survived until then were killed. States that throughout the occupied areas large numbers of local residents voluntarily collaborated with the Germans. Gives details on where, when, and how the murders were executed in various towns. Out of a total of 2,750,000-2,900,000 Jews who came under German rule in the USSR, very few survived, mostly in the western regions.
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