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  • RAMBI - רמב''י  (32)
  • FU Berlin  (1)
  • 1985-1989  (33)
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  • 1
    Article
    Article
    Officially approved emigration from Germany after 1941 : a case study. (1987)
    In:  Yad Vashem Studies 18 (1987) 275-291
    Details
    ISSN: 0084-3296
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 1987
    Titel der Quelle: Yad Vashem Studies
    Angaben zur Quelle: 18 (1987) 275-291
    Keywords: Jews History 1939-1945 ; Holocaust survivors
    Abstract: Analyzes the cases of a number of Jews enabled to leave Germany legally after 1941. Many of them were foreign nationals protected by their governments or by the Germans in the hope of exchanging them for German citizens. Jews holding Turkish citizenship were protected by an official in the German Foreign Ministry. Some Dutch, Belgian, and German Jews holding Palestianian immigration certificates were exchanged for Germans in Palestine and other parts of the British Empire. A small number of wealthy Jews obtained permission to emigrate thanks to connections with a previously Jewish-owned bank.
    Note: See also in Hebrew.
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  • 2
    Article
    Article
    The historiographic treatment of the abortive attempt to deport the Danish Jews. (1986)
    In:  Yad Vashem Studies 17 (1986) 181-218
    Details
    ISSN: 0084-3296
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 1986
    Titel der Quelle: Yad Vashem Studies
    Angaben zur Quelle: 17 (1986) 181-218
    Keywords: Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945)
    Abstract: Questions the accepted version of the rescue of Danish Jewry according to which Georg Ferdinand Duckwitz, a Nazi agent with contacts among Danish Social Democrats (who believed him to be anti-Nazi) and a close associate of Werner Best, the German plenipotentiary, took the initiative in warning the Danish Jews. According to Duckwitz's account, he informed his Social Democrat friends and the Danish Foreign Office of the plan. Casts doubt on the reliability of Duckwitz's dates and figures, suggesting, on the basis of German archives, that the deportation was deliberately aborted on Eichmann's instructions because of a shortage of police forces to deal with the Danish resistance. Thus, Best himself instructed Duckwitz to pass on the warning and to ensure that Sweden would accept the Jews. Surveys the historiographical literature which accepts the tendentious Best-Duckwitz version, showing that it does not reflect the true political situation in Denmark.
    Description / Table of Contents: Kirchhoff, Hans. SS-Gruppenführer Werner Best and the action against the Danish Jews - October 1943. [A response to the above.] Yad Vashem Studies 24 (1994) 195-222. The response also appeared in Hebrew: "Yad Vashem" 24 (1995).
    Note: In Hebrew: "Yad Vashem" 17-18 (1987). A Danish version appeared in "Rambam; tidsskrift for jødisk kultur og forskning" 2 (1993).
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  • 3
    Article
    Article
    From forced emigration to expulsion : the Jewish exodus over the non-Slavic borders of the Reich as a prelude to the "Final Solution". (1986)
    In:  Yad Vashem Studies 17 (1986) 51-92
    Details
    ISSN: 0084-3296
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 1986
    Titel der Quelle: Yad Vashem Studies
    Angaben zur Quelle: 17 (1986) 51-92
    Keywords: Jews History 1933-1939 ; Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) ; Germany Emigration and immigration 20th century ; Government policy ; History
    Abstract: Traces Nazi policy encouraging mass-emigration of German Jews between 1933-38 and steps taken to facilitate their emigration. In March 1938, the annexation of Austria became the catalyst for a general policy of expulsion. Hundreds of Jews were deported to Dachau, and Austrian Jews from neighboring states were forcibly repatriated. The Germans - i.e. the Gestapo, aided by the border authorities - helped smuggle illegal emigrants across the borders into Holland, Belgium, France, Luxembourg, and Switzerland. Discusses the diplomatic repercussions - complaints from the governments of those countries and protests in the press. After "Kristallnacht" expulsions across the western borders were halted. The policy of the Reich Center for Jewish Emigration, headed by Eichmann, was to step up emigration to Latin America or Shanghai. Some of the refugee boats were denied entry at the port of call (e.g. the "Saint Louis"), but some were successful. From January-July 1939, 70,000 Jews left the Reich.
    Note: In Hebrew: , "יד ושם; קובץ מחקרים" יז-יח (תשמז) 65-96
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  • 4
    Article
    Article
    The German Jews in the Minsk ghetto. (1986)
    In:  Yad Vashem Studies 17 (1986) 219-246
    Details
    ISSN: 0084-3296
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 1986
    Titel der Quelle: Yad Vashem Studies
    Angaben zur Quelle: 17 (1986) 219-246
    Keywords: Jews ; Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) ; Jewish ghettos ; Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945)
    Abstract: An account of the 35,442 Jews who were deported from the Reich and the Protectorate to Minsk (Belarus) between November 1941-October 1942. Those in the first transports were "housed" in the Minsk ghetto, in the homes of local Jewish residents who were killed in the first ghetto "Aktion" on 7 November. Most of the subsequent transports were sent directly to nearby Maly Trostinets, where they were killed immediately in gas vans. Approximately half of the deportees came from Vienna and Theresienstadt. Describes life in the Reich Jews' ghetto (as distinct from the Russian Jews' ghetto - there was little contact between the two). Only ten of the Reich Jews survived the Holocaust. Quotes from three survivors' testimonies, which include details of persecution and atrocities.
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  • 5
    Article
    Article
    The reports of a Jewish "informer" in the Warsaw ghetto : selected documents. (1986)
    In:  Yad Vashem Studies 17 (1986) 247-294
    Details
    ISSN: 0084-3296
    Language: Polish
    Year of publication: 1986
    Titel der Quelle: Yad Vashem Studies
    Angaben zur Quelle: 17 (1986) 247-294
    Keywords: Jews ; Jewish ghettos ; Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) ; Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945)
    Note: A shorter Polish version appeared as "Raporty żydowskiego 'informatora' z warszawskiego getta - wybrane dokumenty" in "Zagłada Żydów" 2 (2006) 315-332.
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  • 6
    Article
    Article
    Martin Buber in Eretz-Israel during the Holocaust years, 1942-1944. (1986)
    In:  Yad Vashem Studies 17 (1986) 93-144
    Details
    ISSN: 0084-3296
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 1986
    Titel der Quelle: Yad Vashem Studies
    Angaben zur Quelle: 17 (1986) 93-144
    Keywords: Buber, Martin, ; Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) Influence
    Note: In Hebrew: , "יד ושם; קובץ מחקרים" יז-יח (תשמז) 29-63
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  • 7
    Article
    Article
    The liquidation of the Jewish associations in Cracow during the Nazi occupation. (1986)
    In:  Yad Vashem Studies 17 (1986) 295-317
    Details
    ISSN: 0084-3296
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 1986
    Titel der Quelle: Yad Vashem Studies
    Angaben zur Quelle: 17 (1986) 295-317
    Keywords: Jews ; Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945)
    Abstract: Examines the dissolution of over 300 Jewish associations in Cracow and the confiscation of their property. Based on German documents, mainly correspondence between German authorities and representatives of the associations on the one hand, and various German offices interested in the property on the other. Surveys the subject briefly. An appendix (pp. 307-309) lists some of the institutions - synagogues, educational institutions, charity and aid societies, and social and cultural associations - and another (pp. 310-317) gives facsimiles of documents.
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  • 8
    Article
    Article
    Planning for the Final Solution against the background of developments in Holland in 1941. (1986)
    In:  Yad Vashem Studies 17 (1986) 145-180
    Details
    ISSN: 0084-3296
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 1986
    Titel der Quelle: Yad Vashem Studies
    Angaben zur Quelle: 17 (1986) 145-180
    Keywords: Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) ; Jews History 20th century ; Jews Government policy ; Nazis
    Abstract: Analyzes discussions of the Nazi occupiers regarding their Jewish policy in the Netherlands in the spring of 1941 The occupation authorities, headed by Arthur Seyss-Inquart, set up a Jewish Council in Amsterdam. In April 1941, the SS requested that Seyss-Inquart implement an order from Heydrich to establish a Central Office for Jewish Emigration "as an example for the solution of the Jewish question". Argues that the mass killings by the Einsatzgruppen in the East, forced labor, starvation, and emigration were all part of this solution. Describes Seyss-Inquart's resistance to the Emigration Office and Hitler's personal intervention in the dispute. With the adoption of the extermination policy, the Office became a branch of Eichmann's deportation machinery. Concludes that the general trend of Jewish policy was set by Berlin and by Hitler himself, and that even when gassing became the primary method of eliminating the Jews, emigration of small groups remained an option.
    Note: In Hebrew: , "יד ושם; קובץ מחקרים" יז-יח (תשמז) 271-297, וגם בתוך ספרו "מכמני יוסף" (תשנד) 303-329
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  • 9
    Article
    Article
    The anti-Jewish policy of the Italian Social Republic (1943-1945). (1986)
    In:  Yad Vashem Studies 17 (1986) 17-50
    Details
    ISSN: 0084-3296
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 1986
    Titel der Quelle: Yad Vashem Studies
    Angaben zur Quelle: 17 (1986) 17-50
    Keywords: Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) ; Jews History 20th century ; Italy History German occupation, 1943-1945
    Abstract: Examines the involvement of the Italian puppet state, set up in September 1943 after the German occupation, in the persecution of Italian Jewry (then numbering ca. 44,000). In mid-October, a special unit sent by Eichmann began to round up and deport Jews. In November, they were declared enemy nationals and the Minister of the Interior ordered their arrest and internment in provincial concentration camps, especially at Fossoli, and confiscation of their property. Discusses legislative measures, and the activities of the General Inspectorate for Race, set up in April 1944 to coordinate anti-Jewish policy and headed by a veteran antisemite, Giovanni Preziosi. The Germans continued to arrest Jews and, in February 1944, took over Fossoli. Describes relations between the RSI and the occupying German forces, concluding that antisemitism seems to have been a voluntary adaptation motivated by tactics of foreign policy rather than a surrender to German demands.
    Note: In Hebrew: , "יד ושם; קובץ מחקרים" יז-יח (תשמז) 1-28
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  • 10
    Article
    Article
    The extermination of the European Jews in its historical context : a recapitulation. (1986)
    In:  Yad Vashem Studies 17 (1986) 1-16
    Details
    ISSN: 0084-3296
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 1986
    Titel der Quelle: Yad Vashem Studies
    Angaben zur Quelle: 17 (1986) 1-16
    Keywords: Antisemitism History 1871- ; Jews History 1870-1945 ; Jews History 1939-1945 ; Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) ; Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945)
    Abstract: Discusses whether the antisemitic agitation of the late 19th century in Germany led inevitably to the Nazi murder of the Jews. Research indicates that antisemitism in Germany was moderate at that time compared to Russia and Austria. Radical racist antisemitism only became an essential element in German nationalism as a result of World War I and the German defeat. Antisemitism was important for the cohesion of the Nazi Party but marginal in winning public support. In 1933, antisemitism became state policy but most Germans were satisfied with legal restrictions on the Jews. States that even if Hitler had planned a racist war of annihilation of the Jews from the outset, his aims were not shared by the rest of the leadership and contradicted the policy of emigration. However, Hitler began the annihilation with the T4 euthanasia project. The difficulties encountered in T4 may explain why he never gave an explicit written order for the Final Solution. The real problem is how to explain the compliance of so many people in the murders.
    Note: Appeared in German as "Der geschichtliche Ort der Judenverfolgung" in "Der Mord an den Juden in zweiten Weltkrieg" (1985) 213-225.
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