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  • RAMBI - רמב''י  (35)
  • Vienna Jewish Studies Library  (1)
  • 1
    Article
    Article
    Distinctiveness and diaspora in medieval and early modern Jewish thought. (2021)
    In:  The Oxford Handbook of the Jewish Diaspora (2021) 117-136
    Details
    ISBN: 9780190240943
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2021
    Titel der Quelle: The Oxford Handbook of the Jewish Diaspora
    Angaben zur Quelle: (2021) 117-136
    Keywords: Jewish diaspora Philosophy ; Jewish philosophy
    Abstract: This chapter discusses the connection between concepts of Jewish distinctiveness and diaspora/exile in five paradigmatic medieval and early modern Jewish thinkers. The article argues that the medieval Jewish thinkers examined, Judah Halevi and Moses Maimonides, wrote primarily for a Jewish audience, and as such their conceptions of Jewish distinctiveness and diaspora were aimed at bolstering Jewish self-confidence. By contrast, the early moderns Simone Luzzatto and Menasseh ben Israel wrote primarily for Gentile audiences and articulated conceptions of Jewish distinctiveness and diaspora aimed at ameliorating Jewish political standing. A third early modern thinker, Benedict Spinoza, also discussed Jewish distinctiveness and diaspora for activist ends, but did so in a deflationary way, as his concern was not with improving the political status of Jews, but rather with promoting the general public’s freedom to philosophize.
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  • 2
    Article
    Article
    Diaspora in modern Jewish thought. (2021)
    In:  The Oxford Handbook of the Jewish Diaspora (2021) 137-150
    Details
    ISBN: 9780190240943
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2021
    Titel der Quelle: The Oxford Handbook of the Jewish Diaspora
    Angaben zur Quelle: (2021) 137-150
    Keywords: Jewish diaspora Philosophy ; Jewish philosophy
    Abstract: This chapter explores the broad contours of concepts of diaspora in modern Jewish thought. Philosophers, intellectuals, religious thinkers, and non-Zionist nationalists who disagreed on the ideal political structure for Jewish collective life (including Moses Mendelssohn, Hermann Cohen, Franz Rosenzweig, Simon Dubnow, Hannah Arendt, Mordecai Kaplan, and Horace Kallen) shared a commitment to diaspora as a value, rather than just a fact, of modern Jewish life. Yet the emergence of the terminology of diaspora in tandem with the rise of nationalism and Zionism shaped the theoretical evolution of diaspora as the binary opposite to homeland and statist visions of Jewish identity. As a result, seminal Zionist theorists deeply critical of diaspora life, such as Theodor Herzl, Achad Ha’am, and David Ben-Gurion, also had a key role in framing the significance of diaspora. Modern theories of diaspora internalized and contested the privileged position of territory and sovereignty demanded by the rise of nationalism in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.
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  • 3
    Article
    Article
    The Ashkenazic diaspora of early modern Central Europe. (2021)
    In:  The Oxford Handbook of the Jewish Diaspora (2021) 345-369
    Details
    ISBN: 9780190240943
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2021
    Titel der Quelle: The Oxford Handbook of the Jewish Diaspora
    Angaben zur Quelle: (2021) 345-369
    Keywords: Jews History ; Jewish diaspora
    Abstract: This chapter uses theories of diaspora—which transcend narrative of origins/dispersal and explore instead synchronic ties between multiple centers—to examine phenomena of Jewish cultural and social life in Central Europe during the early modern period (ca. 1500–1800), an geo-cultural association that was captured by the term “Ashkenaz.” Using examples from print culture, social history, and epistolary exchanges, it argues that Jews occupied a position of “variant-participants”—at once participating in wider social, intellectual, and cultural trends and translating those trends into a particular idiom with a distinctly Jewish inflection, shaped both by relationship to past texts and traditions and to other Jewish communities both within and outside of Central Europe. Considering the accommodations of diaspora existence, which creates a “home away from home,” provides a useful lens for conceptualizing the dimensions of Jewish distinctiveness, even while recognizing their local indigeneity, and allows for a consideration of the creation of local practices as well as extra-territorial forms of identification.
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  • 4
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    Article
    Did German Jews remain German Jews once they left their homeland?. (2021)
    In:  The Oxford Handbook of the Jewish Diaspora (2021) 431-455
    Details
    ISBN: 9780190240943
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2021
    Titel der Quelle: The Oxford Handbook of the Jewish Diaspora
    Angaben zur Quelle: (2021) 431-455
    Keywords: Jews Migrations 19th century ; History ; Jews Migrations 20th century ; History ; Jews, German History 19th century ; Jews, German History 20th century
    Abstract: This chapter addresses the social history and geographical extent of the German-Jewish diaspora during the two major periods of migration: the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. It asks what drove Jews to leave Germany during both eras and analyzes their integration and that of their children into the new societies. Focusing on religious, linguistic, organizational, and employment patterns, the chapter also addresses the tensions within these immigrant communities between adapting to their new environments and retaining the literature, music, and culture of their German-Jewish heritage.
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  • 5
    Article
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    Philanthropy and the Jewish diaspora in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. (2021)
    In:  The Oxford Handbook of the Jewish Diaspora (2021) 605-621
    Details
    ISBN: 9780190240943
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2021
    Titel der Quelle: The Oxford Handbook of the Jewish Diaspora
    Angaben zur Quelle: (2021) 605-621
    Keywords: Jewish organizations ; Jewish diaspora History 19th century ; Jewish diaspora History 20th century ; Jews Charities
    Abstract: The rise of nationalism in Europe, the mass migration to the United States, and the dramatic transformations in the world following World War I were accompanied by an ongoing deterioration in the position of East European Jewry and led to changes in the patterns of governance in the Jewish world. The importance of the organizations addressed in this chapter transcended their philanthropic and political activity in France, Britain, Germany, and America. This manifested in the international nature of their activity, their power to shape the various Jewish communities, and the sense of international Jewish solidarity that they nurtured through their very existence. These Jewish organizations endeavored to create a Jewish nationalism that played down elements of territorial concentration and political sovereignty, opposed the concept of rejection of the diaspora, and emphasized the moral components of Judaism.
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  • 6
    Article
    Article
    The Jewish Diaspora in Christian thinking. (2021)
    In:  The Oxford Handbook of the Jewish Diaspora (2021) 99-114
    Details
    ISBN: 9780190240943
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2021
    Titel der Quelle: The Oxford Handbook of the Jewish Diaspora
    Angaben zur Quelle: (2021) 99-114
    Keywords: Jewish diaspora ; Christianity and other religions Judaism
    Abstract: This chapter summarizes the most important historical developments in Christian thinking about the Jewish diaspora, from antiquity to the present. It considers the apocalyptic Jewish perspectives of Jesus and Paul, the rise of adversus judaeos literature, Augustine’s innovative witness doctrine, and the fate of that doctrine in Catholic thinking up until its ostensible elimination during the papacy of John Paul II. In its examination of Protestantism, the article pays particular attention to developments in the Reformed traditions, especially the restorationist aspirations in the seventeenth century and the more recent rise of Christian Zionism.
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  • 7
    Article
    Article
    Zionism and the negation of the Diaspora. (2021)
    In:  The Oxford Handbook of the Jewish Diaspora (2021) 151-165
    Details
    ISBN: 9780190240943
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2021
    Titel der Quelle: The Oxford Handbook of the Jewish Diaspora
    Angaben zur Quelle: (2021) 151-165
    Keywords: Ahad Ha'am, ; Dubnow, Simon, Criticism and interpretation ; Jewish diaspora ; Zionism Philosophy ; Secular Jews Attitudes
    Abstract: This chapter traces the origins and evolution of the idea that the welfare of Jews in the diaspora depends upon a strong Jewish presence in Palestine. The idea was initially generated out of a debate between Ahad Ha’am and Simon Dubnow over the prospects for developing a secular, “national” diaspora Jewish culture. Ahad Ha’am denied the possibility, insisting that only a “fixed center” in Palestine could weld dispersed Jews into a single cultural whole. Other Zionist spokesmen went farther, arguing that the diaspora was a source of physical danger or moral degeneracy that could be cured only by transplanting all the world’s Jews to Palestine. The chapter examines variations on this theme and the key texts in which they were introduced.
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  • 8
    Article
    Article
    Not quite exile, not quite home : Spain as a diaspora center. (2021)
    In:  The Oxford Handbook of the Jewish Diaspora (2021) 217-229
    Details
    ISBN: 9780190240943
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2021
    Titel der Quelle: The Oxford Handbook of the Jewish Diaspora
    Angaben zur Quelle: (2021) 217-229
    Keywords: Jews History ; Jews History ; Jewish diaspora
    Abstract: “Sepharad” was more than simply the Hebrew name for Iberia. Through much of Jewish history it denoted a set of Jewish cultural traits that included a high level of cultural and social integration, a sense of Jewish aristocracy and noble lineage, and unmatched creativity in Hebrew poetry, philosophy, science, mystical thought, rabbinic codification, and biblical exegesis. Spanish Jews lived under both Muslim and Christian rule, sometimes in harmony and mutual enrichment, but often under oppressive conditions of discrimination, forced conversion, and Inquisition. Their history of co-existence (convivencia) included uprootings as well as cultural flowering. The expulsion of 1492 did not spell the end of their deep bonds with Spain. Instead, Sephardim remained one of the main branches of the Jewish people.
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  • 9
    Article
    Article
    Diaspora as nation : the Mediterranean Sephardim between the fifteenth and twentieth centuries. (2021)
    In:  The Oxford Handbook of the Jewish Diaspora (2021) 391-408
    Details
    ISBN: 9780190240943
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2021
    Titel der Quelle: The Oxford Handbook of the Jewish Diaspora
    Angaben zur Quelle: (2021) 391-408
    Keywords: Sephardim History ; Jewish diaspora
    Abstract: This chapter traces the evolution of the so-called “Eastern” Sephardic diaspora in its Mediterranean context from 1492 to the late twentieth century. It looks at the way in which these exiles and their descendants forged a new diasporic identity characterized by sprawling mercantile networks that linked Jews and Conversos, new forms of Judeo-Spanish, and a nostalgia for medieval Spain. At first, the mutual sense of estrangement between the refugees and the native Jews among whom they came to settle reinforced communal solidarity among the Sephardim. From the eighteenth to the twentieth centuries, the Mediterranean Sephardim adopted aspects of Ottoman, North African, and Italian culture, but succeeded in maintaining a distinct communal character amid a shifting set of political contexts and associations. During the twentieth century, the mass migration of Mediterranean Sephardim to the State of Israel helped recast them as “Eastern” Jews, or Mizrahim.
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  • 10
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    The modern diaspora of Jews from the Arab Middle East and North Africa. (2021)
    In:  The Oxford Handbook of the Jewish Diaspora (2021) 487-506
    Details
    ISBN: 9780190240943
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2021
    Titel der Quelle: The Oxford Handbook of the Jewish Diaspora
    Angaben zur Quelle: (2021) 487-506
    Keywords: Jews Migrations ; Jews Migrations ; Jews History ; Jews History ; Jewish diaspora
    Abstract: The Jews of the Muslim Middle East and North Africa (MENA) were shaped by the expansion of the Ottoman Empire in the sixteenth century and the influx of Sephardim. Jews were a part of the multicultural landscape, speaking mainly Judeo-Arabic and Judeo-Spanish. New diaspora communities were formed of Jews based on their places of origin: Livorno, Baghdad, Aleppo, or from the Maghrib—Ma’aravim—who migrated to different parts of MENA and other parts of the world. New identities and Jewish diasporas were created as MENA was divided between the British and French and as independent Arab states emerged. With decolonization after World War II and the establishment Israel, the nearly one million MENA Jews left their countries of origins for Israel, Europe, and the Americas. In Israel they became known collectively as “Mizrahim” and were identified by their countries of origin as Moroccan, Tunisian, Egyptian, Yemeni, Syrian, or Iraqi.
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