Language:
Czech
Year of publication:
2011
Titel der Quelle:
Dialog myšlenkových proudů středověkého judaismu
Angaben zur Quelle:
(2011) 90-195
Keywords:
Jews History Middle Ages, 500-1500
;
Jews Legal status, laws, etc.
;
Judaism Relations
;
Islam
;
Islam Relations
;
Judaism
Abstract:
Because Jews were one of the "Peoples of the Book", they received protection as "dhimma" in exchange for their acceptance of an inferior status to Muslims. The Jews had rights and duties. The most important duty was payment of the "jizyah", the tax per capita - this is the only duty of the "People of the Book" explicitly mentioned in the Qur’an. For this payment, they were guaranteed the right to life, freedom of religion, and protection of their property. Apart from that, the "protected population" was subject to further regulations stipulated in the Covenant of Umar which gradually became part of the "shari’a" law. They were forced to comply with discriminatory statutes symbolic of their inferior status within Islamic society. Although in certain aspects the Covenant of Umar restricted religious and social life in Islamic countries, it provided the "dhimmi" with a firm legal framework of social coexistence. The rulers could not change the laws - their role was only to ensure their application; but the rulers could decide to apply the laws strictly or leniently. During the classical Islamic period (900-1200) Jews viewed themselves as full members of Muslim society and were permitted to reach the highest offices in the administration; but during the Mamluk period (1250-1517) the rulers took to enforcing the Covenant strictly, to the detriment of the Jews.
Note:
With an English summary
URL:
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