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  • 2020-2024  (35)
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  • 1
    Artikel
    Artikel
    In:  Leo Baeck Institute Year Book 65 (2020) 145-164
    Sprache: Englisch
    Erscheinungsjahr: 2020
    Titel der Quelle: Leo Baeck Institute Year Book
    Angaben zur Quelle: 65 (2020) 145-164
    Schlagwort(e): Jews Attitudes 20th century ; Enlightenment Influence ; Jews Intellectual life 20th century ; Antisemitism History 1933-1945
    Kurzfassung: This article explores the self-conceptions of German Jews in National Socialist Germany in the context of a critical rereading of 1930s receptions of the German and European Enlightenment. The transformation of the Jewish community and Jewish culture into a part of bourgeois society had taken place in the course of the German and European Enlightenment, from its beginnings to the foundation of the German Empire in 1871. The efforts of the Jewish minority to ‘emancipate’ itself from any form of heteronomy from around 1820—to become self-reliant and responsible citizens in thought and deed—had become a kind of symbol for the progressive reasoning of the Enlightenment. Consequently, given the aggressive antisemitic policies of the National Socialist state, the German-Jewish relationship to the Enlightenment in internal and public debates after 1933 must be viewed as key when exploring the externally damaged self-conceptions of large parts of the German-Jewish minority. For the writers and artists of Jewish descent examined in this article, the relationship to the Enlightenment—and to German and Jewish culture—was once more open to debate.
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 2
    Sprache: Englisch
    Erscheinungsjahr: 2020
    Titel der Quelle: Leo Baeck Institute Year Book
    Angaben zur Quelle: 65 (2020) 127-144
    Schlagwort(e): Heidegger, Martin, Political and social views ; Judaism and philosophy ; Antisemitism Philosophy
    Kurzfassung: This article deals with some unexplored Jewish responses to the volkish elements in Martin Heidegger’s philosophy. Heidegger’s idiosyncratic and deeply philosophical account of volkism stood at the heart of his political support of National Socialism and of his exclusion of the Jews from the ontological task of thinking. This article demonstrates, however, that some of Heidegger’s Jewish readers identified with volkish moments in his philosophy and found these to be pertinent to their own condition as Jews in the modern world. This was made possible by the fact that, within the intellectual climate in which Heidegger’s thinking took shape, the volkish lexicon (Volk, Gemeinschaft, ‘fate’, ‘destiny’, and even ‘struggle’) was commonplace, indicated no clear association with any certain political view, and, indeed, was a central organ through which Jews made sense of their own existence and historical and political situation. Thus, while Heidegger’s volkism led to a philosophical marginalization of Jews, the multifariousness and widespread currency of volkish thinking brought some Jewish readers to recognize their shared conceptual horizon with Heidegger and to differentiate between Heidegger’s practical politics, which were anti-Jewish and loathsome, and his volkism, which was seen as fitting and useful for the Jewish case.
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 3
    Sprache: Englisch
    Erscheinungsjahr: 2020
    Titel der Quelle: Leo Baeck Institute Year Book
    Angaben zur Quelle: 65 (2020) 36-51
    Schlagwort(e): Wiener, M. ; Jewish philosophy 20th century ; Mysticism Judaism ; Cabala
    Kurzfassung: The fact that bizarre intellectual trends and teachings, like occultism, parapsychology, and neopaganism played an important role in modern German culture is thoroughly documented by scholars of German history. Experts on German-Jewish history, however, still tend to describe German-Jewish culture as one formed around the ideals of ‘Bildung’ and the Enlightenment. As a result, German-Jewish occultism, mysticism, and other non-Enlightenment texts and authors have received relatively little scholarly attention. The present article aims to help correct this bias by introducing a new framework for the study of German-Jewish culture, and by examining an all but forgotten case study: Meir Wiener and his work. After introducing the term ‘Western esotericism’, developed by scholars of religious studies, the article uses it to explore two of Meir Wiener’s strangest and virtually forgotten works. Wiener, it is shown, produced fantastically esoteric works in the context of German expressionism and Kabbalah studies, which better represent their time and place than scholars have thus far acknowledged.
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 4
    Artikel
    Artikel
    In:  Leo Baeck Institute Year Book 65 (2020) 167-184
    Sprache: Englisch
    Erscheinungsjahr: 2020
    Titel der Quelle: Leo Baeck Institute Year Book
    Angaben zur Quelle: 65 (2020) 167-184
    Schlagwort(e): Zentralrat der Juden in Deutschland ; Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) Influence ; Collective memory ; Bitburg (Germany)
    Kurzfassung: President Ronald Reagan and Chancellor Helmut Kohl’s visit to the military cemetery at Bitburg in May 1985 was covered extensively by the international media, and gave rise to a vigorous debate about the place of the National Socialist past in German memory, as well as the dignity accorded to Holocaust victims and survivors. The Jewish voices in this debate were overwhelmingly North American. However, what few have considered thus far is why a perceived insult to Jewish memory in Germany should not also have affected Jews who were living in Germany. Consequently, this article looks at the Bitburg debate from a German-Jewish perspective. What role did the Zentralrat der Juden in Deutschland (ZdJ) play in the debate? And what effects, if any, did it have on Jewish life in West Germany, and on the emergence of a new Jewish activism in Germany over the longer term?
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 5
    Artikel
    Artikel
    In:  Leo Baeck Institute Year Book 65 (2020) 3-35
    Sprache: Englisch
    Erscheinungsjahr: 2020
    Titel der Quelle: Leo Baeck Institute Year Book
    Angaben zur Quelle: 65 (2020) 3-35
    Schlagwort(e): Jews History ; Oath more judaico ; Jews Persecutions ; Jews Legal status, laws, etc. ; History ; Jews History Middle Ages, 500-1500 ; Nuremberg (Germany)
    Kurzfassung: In many territories of the Holy Roman Empire, Jews had been obliged to take a special oath during certain interactions between Jews and Christians since the medieval era. The 1484 Nuremberg Jewry Oath was probably the first Jewry Oath ever to be printed, and it became the dominant model for oath formulas until the eighteenth century. This article explores the legal, historical, and social background of the Jewry Oath, and its role in the history of Nuremberg during the transitional period between manuscripts and early printing. It looks closely at the elements and the conception of the 1484 Jewry Oath, and shows that it was incorporated as rather an afterthought into Die Reformation der Stadt Nürnberg, the city’s innovative, elaborately printed legal code. While its inclusion and careful wording were an acknowledgement that interactions with Jews were vital, and needed a legal framework that was valid for both Christians and Jews, the fact that it was less integrated than other legal rules suggests that its future removal was envisioned. This question is explored in the context of the expulsion of Jews from Nuremberg in 1498–99 and the 1503 edition of Die Reformation der Stadt Nürnberg.
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 6
    Artikel
    Artikel
    In:  Leo Baeck Institute Year Book 65 (2020) 88-104
    Sprache: Englisch
    Erscheinungsjahr: 2020
    Titel der Quelle: Leo Baeck Institute Year Book
    Angaben zur Quelle: 65 (2020) 88-104
    Schlagwort(e): Jews Social conditions 20th century ; Household employees ; Sex workers
    Kurzfassung: This article presents findings on encounters between Jews and non-Jews in the context of daily life in Vienna between 1900 and 1930. In the early twentieth century, the Habsburg capital underwent tremendous population growth, which increased the opportunities among its inhabitants of interreligious and cultural interactions, but also confronted them with a housing shortage. Up to twenty per cent of the population had to share housing or even beds with their fellow citizens. Those who could afford more comfortable living conditions, such as private apartments, also shared them with non-family members. The middle and upper classes employed domestics who lived with the families they worked for and had rooms within the family apartments. Homes thus provided spaces in which Jewish and non-Jewish relations thrived. This article sheds light on the range of encounters that took place in homes, how Jewishness and gender were negotiated in such encounters, whether relations were formed as a consequence, and, if so, what they looked like. Based on a close examination of memoirs, novels, and court records, I argue that the range of Jewish and non-Jewish relations was much broader than historiography has hitherto suggested, due to the shared experiences triggered by the urban making of Vienna.
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 7
    Sprache: Englisch
    Erscheinungsjahr: 2020
    Titel der Quelle: Leo Baeck Institute Year Book
    Angaben zur Quelle: 65 (2020) 71-87
    Schlagwort(e): Zweig, Stefan, ; Jewish children History 20th century ; Jewish children in the Holocaust ; Jewish refugees Social conditions 20th century ; Jewish authors Biography ; Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945)
    Kurzfassung: In late 1933, Stefan Zweig stood before a committee to aid German Jews, and pleaded for immediate action to help German-Jewish children find new homes abroad. This article examines Zweig’s call to accept refugees within his larger quest to promote a humanist and universalist Europe. His goal was not merely intended to help individual Jewish children enjoy happier childhoods in other parts of the world, but a collective task to combat hatred. Stefan Zweig’s humanism and cosmopolitanism expressed themselves in a pedagogic and educational mission that was based on a particularly Jewish commitment to Bildung and took two major forms—a literary one (as seen in his historical-biographical writings) and an activist one (in his speeches, interviews and newspaper writings). The two expressions worked in tandem and reflected the same message and concerns. Moreover, both reflected his general aim to promote and help realise an alternative, humanist Europe; one in which the healthy and happy future of Jewish youth (and others) would be ensured.
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 8
    Sprache: Englisch
    Erscheinungsjahr: 2020
    Titel der Quelle: Leo Baeck Institute Year Book
    Angaben zur Quelle: 65 (2020) 55-70
    Schlagwort(e): Rosenzweig, Franz, Family ; Rosenzweig, Adele Alsberg, ; Jewish families ; Mothers and sons Biography
    Kurzfassung: The Jewish family was foundational to philosopher and theologian Franz Rosenzweig’s understanding of Jewish life. This article examines his view of the Jewish family in the light of two memoirs, only recently translated into English, written by his mother, Adele Alsberg Rosenzweig, with whom he had a very close yet contentious relationship. The memoirs illustrate the historical contexts of both Adele’s and Franz’s generations, as well as the personal, familial contexts in which Franz was raised, and are thus a good starting point from which to examine the significance of the Jewish family in his experience and thought.
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 9
    Artikel
    Artikel
    In:  Leo Baeck Institute Year Book 65 (2020) 107-126
    Sprache: Englisch
    Erscheinungsjahr: 2020
    Titel der Quelle: Leo Baeck Institute Year Book
    Angaben zur Quelle: 65 (2020) 107-126
    Schlagwort(e): Jewish leadership ; Jews Political activity 20th century ; History ; Zionism History 20th century ; Poznań (Poland)
    Kurzfassung: This article analyses the role of the Jüdischer Volksrat—the Jewish People’s Council—in Posen/Poznań between 1918 and 1920. In establishing this institution, Zionist activists gained a significant amount of influence in a traditionally German-acculturated Jewish space during the period of transition from German to Polish rule in the city. Claiming to represent the city’s ‘third nation’ and making demands for Jewish national autonomy, the Jüdischer Volksrat was instrumental in reshaping intercommunity relations and the Jews’ place in society, winning the support of sizeable sections of the Jewish population. This article argues that these successes can be attributed not to the reception of grand ideological concepts of Jewish nationalism, but rather to the fact that Jüdischer Volksrat activists played a central role in people’s everyday lives. They provided economic support, food deliveries, legal aid, and collective security, thereby placing themselves at the centre of the community. The article shows, however, that contrary to activists’ hopes, support for the Volksrat did not necessarily mean an immediate acceptance of Jewish-national concepts. As the debates around the establishment of a Jewish school illustrate, support for national claims and institutions was primarily situational and related to immediate local pressures.
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 10
    Artikel
    Artikel
    In:  Leo Baeck Institute Year Book 66 (2021) 161-179
    Sprache: Englisch
    Erscheinungsjahr: 2021
    Titel der Quelle: Leo Baeck Institute Year Book
    Angaben zur Quelle: 66 (2021) 161-179
    Schlagwort(e): Bet Tefillat Yeshurun (Frankfurt on Main) ; Israelitische Religionsgesellschaft zu Frankfurt a.M. (Germany). History ; Synagogues ; Orthodox Judaism History 19th century
    Kurzfassung: This essay seeks to present the history and context of the ‘Synagogenordnungen’, the synagogal bylaws that German-Jewish communities established in the middle and late nineteenth century. Focusing primarily upon the bylaws instituted within the Israelitische Religionsgesellschaft (IRG), the Neo-Orthodox synagogue in Frankfurt am Main, this essay argues that these ordinances reflect the uniquely centrist character of that synagogue, as it concomitantly rejected the encroachment of Reform Judaism and embraced many elements of the surrounding Germanic cultural norms and mores. By examining both the contextual framework and the historical development of the three iterations of these bylaws (written in 1874, 1907, and 1927 respectively) it is possible to gain a large measure of insight into both the ideological priorities of the IRG’s leadership and the practical manner in which these priorities were acted upon.
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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