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  • 1
    Article
    Article
    Scheming violence in the Psalms. (2020)
    In:  Violence in the Hebrew Bible; Between Text and Reception (2020) 361-372
    Details
    ISBN: 9789004434677
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2020
    Titel der Quelle: Violence in the Hebrew Bible; Between Text and Reception
    Angaben zur Quelle: (2020) 361-372
    Keywords: Bible. Criticism, interpretation, etc. ; Violence in the Bible
    Abstract: This chapter explores a relatively unexplored indigenous critique of violence in the Hebrew Bible. For many biblical psalmists, violence was deceitful and verbalised in hidden places. First, the psalmist drew direct connections between scheming in private and violence experienced by the psalmist. This tendency raises the question of why the psalmist draws such frequent attention to the enemy’s verbal assaults. One possibility is that by calling attention to their speech, the psalmist “outs them” to God, who hears and responds. Thus their words become their downfall. This leads to a second point: that the category of “violence” included the physical act and the verbal scheme. It was in the secretive plotting council that the enemy gained the upper hand over the psalmist’s life. As a weaker party, the psalmist sought divine refuge from the enemy’s words. Third, this chapter raises questions about how we might best describe the psalmist’s perspective on scheming. Scheming certainly preceded the experience of direct bodily attack, and thus petitioners were anxious for God to prevent schemed attacks. Nevertheless, schemes were also considered to cause significant and widespread terror and harm. Violence itself was a circle wide enough to include scheming – an act that became linked to the experience of terror and actual harm. It thus warranted divine retribution and could be turned back on the schemer himself.
    DOI: 10.1163/9789004434684_019
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  • 2
    Article
    Article
    Benjamin's brides : different forms of violence in Judges 21. (2020)
    In:  Violence in the Hebrew Bible; Between Text and Reception (2020) 214-228
    Details
    ISBN: 9789004434677
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2020
    Titel der Quelle: Violence in the Hebrew Bible; Between Text and Reception
    Angaben zur Quelle: (2020) 214-228
    Keywords: Bible. Criticism, interpretation, etc. ; Violence in the Bible ; Benjamin (Tribe of Israel) ; Kings and rulers Biblical teaching
    Abstract: The story in Judges 21 about how the tribe of Benjamin was saved from extinction by providing the men with the women necessary for procreation evokes different reactions. Is it horror or humour? After a short survey of the history of the interpretation of this passage, the following study intends to show that within its present context, the horrific aspect takes precedence over the originally more humorous character of the second part of the story. This argument will be based on an analysis of the chapter’s place within the structure of the book of Judges and the way in which older traditions have been incorporated.
    DOI: 10.1163/9789004434684_013
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  • 3
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    Reading the Book of Micah as mediation between two perspectives on the enemy. (2020)
    In:  Violence in the Hebrew Bible; Between Text and Reception (2020) 315-337
    Details
    ISBN: 9789004434677
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2020
    Titel der Quelle: Violence in the Hebrew Bible; Between Text and Reception
    Angaben zur Quelle: (2020) 315-337
    Keywords: Bible. Criticism, interpretation, etc. ; Bible. Criticism, interpretation, etc. ; Bible. Criticism, interpretation, etc. ; Enemy in the Bible
    Abstract: This chapter investigates the positioning of the book of Micah between Jonah and Nahum in the Masoretic version of the Book of the Twelve. The author explores the opposing perspectives on the enemy in the books of Jonah and Nahum as well as their theological motivations, which are connected with Israel’s fundamental, core beliefs concerning God’s character. Subsequently, the author explores “multiperspectivity” on the enemy in the book of Micah. This multiperspectivity – as we find it in its final form in the book of Micah – reflects a vivid, complicated, and even confusing struggle, which made the book an excellent mediator, connecting extremes and giving space to each of them. In particular, the “God confession” in Micah 7:18–20 raises an explicit voice concerning the theological dispute at stake between Jonah and Nahum. At the same time, the book of Micah’s multiperspetivity announces to the receiving and reading communities that the dispute has not yet been decided. The debate on these essential issues can and must go on in every generation.
    DOI: 10.1163/9789004434684_017
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  • 4
    Article
    Article
    God appeased by homicide? : 2 Samuel 21:1-14 in view of some Hittite and Assyrian parallels. (2020)
    In:  Violence in the Hebrew Bible; Between Text and Reception (2020) 229-268
    Details
    ISBN: 9789004434677
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2020
    Titel der Quelle: Violence in the Hebrew Bible; Between Text and Reception
    Angaben zur Quelle: (2020) 229-268
    Keywords: Rizpah ; Mursilis ; Sargon ; David, ; Bible. Criticism, interpretation, etc. ; Hittite literature Relation to the Bible ; Assyro-Babylonian literature Relation to the Bible ; Homicide Biblical teaching
    Abstract: Present-day readers, including Jews and Christians, tend to be shocked by the account of the purposeful execution of seven descendants of Saul in 2 Samuel 21:1–14. Traditionally, the narrative was presumed to justify David’s decision to have them killed. Nowadays, the story is often read with suspicion. Does the homicide really serve a purpose, and is the way in which it is justified convincing? The elimination of Saul’s relatives may have served David well. A new analysis of three non-biblical texts from the ancient Near East demonstrates that the plot of the biblical episode largely fits a known conceptual pattern. This pattern indicates what a responsible king must do in times of misery. The comparison shows that some critical readings of 2 Samuel 21:1–14 lack a solid basis, while others have a point. Despite the elements that do not make sense to twenty-first-century readers, both the biblical and the non-biblical texts appear to exhibit positive aspects of ancient religious thinking.
    DOI: 10.1163/9789004434684_014
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  • 5
    Article
    Article
    A critical reflection on the presentation and reception of Yahweh as a violent deity in the Book of Nahum. (2020)
    In:  Violence in the Hebrew Bible; Between Text and Reception (2020) 338-357
    Details
    ISBN: 9789004434677
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2020
    Titel der Quelle: Violence in the Hebrew Bible; Between Text and Reception
    Angaben zur Quelle: (2020) 338-357
    Keywords: Bible. Criticism, interpretation, etc. ; Violence in the Bible ; God Biblical teaching
    Abstract: Nahum is viewed by many as a violent text in a number of respects. The question is, what do we make of a god who meets violence with violence? This chapter analyses three of the so-called Yahweh speeches in an attempt to grapple with this question. These passages are: Nahum 1:12–14, 2:13 (MT 2:14), and 3:5–7. The author first analyses these passages in the contexts in which they appear in the book of Nahum. This entails a critical engagement with how these passages are received and reinterpreted in the light of the portrayal of Yahweh as a violent god. Three different readings are entertained: namely, a theological-, a contextual-, and a reader-response reading. First and foremost, the author acknowledges that Nahum is an ancient text displaying ancient traditions. Furthermore, he argues that the three different reading strategies offer interesting insights into how the issue of Yahweh as a violent god could be approached and received. He then suggests that the various readings should be submitted to ideological-critical scrutiny, since our social contexts and ideological preferences play a decisive role in our reception and appropriation of the biblical text.
    DOI: 10.1163/9789004434684_018
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  • 6
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    Esther 9 through the lens of diaspora : the exegetical and ethical dilemmas of the massacres in Susa and beyond. (2020)
    In:  Violence in the Hebrew Bible; Between Text and Reception (2020) 397-414
    Details
    ISBN: 9789004434677
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2020
    Titel der Quelle: Violence in the Hebrew Bible; Between Text and Reception
    Angaben zur Quelle: (2020) 397-414
    Keywords: Bible. Criticism, interpretation, etc. ; Massacres Moral and ethical aspects ; Violence in the Bible ; Jewish diaspora
    Abstract: This chapter’s primary hypothesis is that an awareness of the diaspora provenance of Esther can aid in reading the violence in Esther 9, which is so different from the rest of the book, the narrative of which seems to have been adequately resolved by the end of Esther 8. It is perhaps not surprising that some scholars have suggested we should disregard Esther 9 as a late addition. Until recently, the fact that the story of Esther is set in the eastern diaspora has not featured significantly in the book’s interpretation, which has tended to focus very much on the link with Purim. Interest in the concept of diaspora in both popular and academic discourses has risen sharply in recent years, providing Esther studies with a valuable new interpretive lens. In this chapter, the author’s thesis is that, in the light of comparative modern studies, situations of diaspora are generally characterised by extreme forms of violence. By applying such a perspective, the author aims to investigate how the incidence of violence in diaspora situations (or its imagination, at the very least) can shed light on the extreme violence recounted in Esther 9.
    DOI: 10.1163/9789004434684_021
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  • 7
    Article
    Article
    Religious violence and the Hebrew Bible. (2020)
    In:  Violence in the Hebrew Bible; Between Text and Reception (2020) 13-22
    Details
    ISBN: 9789004434677
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2020
    Titel der Quelle: Violence in the Hebrew Bible; Between Text and Reception
    Angaben zur Quelle: (2020) 13-22
    Keywords: Violence in the Bible ; Violence Religious aspects
    DOI: 10.1163/9789004434684_003
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  • 8
    Article
    Article
    Violence in the Book of Joshua. (2020)
    In:  Violence in the Hebrew Bible; Between Text and Reception (2020) 161-176
    Details
    ISBN: 9789004434677
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2020
    Titel der Quelle: Violence in the Hebrew Bible; Between Text and Reception
    Angaben zur Quelle: (2020) 161-176
    Keywords: Rahab ; Bible. Criticism, interpretation, etc. ; Bible. Criticism, interpretation, etc. ; Violence in the Bible ; Wit and humor in the Bible ; Gibeonites
    Abstract: There is a lot of violence in the book of Joshua. However, this does not seem to pose a problem for its authors and editors. The book is about God’s gift of the land to the people of Israel, and violence “simply happens.” However, according to Joshua 2 and 9, not all the inhabitants of the land are destroyed, as the laws in Deuteronomy demand. Both narratives are full of irony. In chapter 2, Rahab, the prostitute, provokes an oath from the spies (or her clients) that the Israelites will spare Rahab and her family. The text is full of ironic wordings and settings. In chapter 9, the Gibeonites deceive the Israelites by claiming to come from a far country. The setting is grotesque, and one gets the impression that the Israelites wanted nothing more than to believe the Gibeonites in order to spare them. Both Rahab and the Gibeonites know the Deuteronomistic law very well; indeed, it seems as if they know these laws better than the Israelites. Joshua 2 and Joshua 9 prove that some authors and editors seem to have had problems with the Torah’s harsh prescriptions regarding ban and warfare. However, as the Torah already had an authoritative status, they commented upon or even criticised these prescriptions implicitly and by way of irony.
    DOI: 10.1163/9789004434684_010
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  • 9
    Article
    Article
    Two poles of the Exodus : conquest as the oppressive pole in Joshua 6:21. (2020)
    In:  Violence in the Hebrew Bible; Between Text and Reception (2020) 177-189
    Details
    ISBN: 9789004434677
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2020
    Titel der Quelle: Violence in the Hebrew Bible; Between Text and Reception
    Angaben zur Quelle: (2020) 177-189
    Keywords: Bible. Criticism, interpretation, etc. ; Excommunication (Jewish law) ; Apartheid ; Jews History To 1200 B.C.
    Abstract: The exodus movement ranges between the poles of liberation and oppression. The Israelites’ departure from Egypt constituted their liberation from the Egyptians, but their arrival in Canaan constituted their oppression of the Canaanites. In liberation theology’s elaboration of the exodus biblical paradigm, however, the relation between these two poles is not addressed, most likely due to the oppressive nature of the conquest. South American and African theologies of liberation have focused on the departure from Egypt and embraced the exodus as a liberation movement. Palestinian and the Native American theologies of liberation, on the other hand, have focused on the conquest and rejected the exodus as an oppressive, violent movement. This chapter suggests that a comprehensive engagement with the exodus could turn out to be fruitful for both liberation movements and could promote a process of reconstruction after the liberation struggle in newly liberated nations.
    DOI: 10.1163/9789004434684_011
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  • 10
    Article
    Article
    "Knock the little bastards' brains out" : reception history and theological interpretation of Psalm 137:9. (2020)
    In:  Violence in the Hebrew Bible; Between Text and Reception (2020) 373-396
    Details
    ISBN: 9789004434677
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2020
    Titel der Quelle: Violence in the Hebrew Bible; Between Text and Reception
    Angaben zur Quelle: (2020) 373-396
    Keywords: Bible. Criticism, interpretation, etc. ; Bible. Theology ; Violence in the Bible
    Abstract: The end of Psalm 137 praises those who will seize Babylon’s children and dash them against the rocks. For modern Western readers, this text evokes feelings of aversion and rejection. In this chapter, the author first describes some interpretive strategies in reception history for dealing with the horrible violence in this text. He focuses on more peaceful interpretations of the end of Psalm 137, on actualisations of the violence described, and on early sensitivity to the ethical problems the psalm raises. Second, the author explores whether we can make sense of Psalm 137:9 without simply allegorizing or rejecting it. He first investigates the psalm’s dating and context in the Psalter before addressing the violence itself. The contrast between Babylon and Zion and the desire for the restoration of justice both influence the strong language of the psalm. The little children are mentioned to underscore the message of the total destruction of Babylon’s future. Although the text is horrifying, it does not glorify violence, but is rather a victim’s cry to God. This chapter ends with a reflection on the use of Psalm 137 in prayer and liturgy today.
    DOI: 10.1163/9789004434684_020
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