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  • 2020-2024  (68)
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  • 1
    Article
    Article
    Becoming illegal : Sephardi Jews in the opiates trade. (2020)
    In:  Jewish Social Studies 25,3 (2020) 1-34
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-6704
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2020
    Titel der Quelle: Jewish Social Studies
    Angaben zur Quelle: 25,3 (2020) 1-34
    Keywords: Sephardim Commerce ; Opium trade Law and legislation ; Narcotic laws
    Abstract: During the early twentieth century, opium and its derivatives were transformed from a fully legal and highly lucrative commodity into one that was increasingly regulated and made illegal in a piecemeal fashion on a global scale. This propelled the transformation of Sephardi Jews involved in the opiates trade from communal elites in the late Ottoman Jewish world to men who skirted the edge of legality while still viewing their family businesses in opiates as licit. Examining Sephardi involvement in the global trade of opiates highlights how Sephardi history interplays with intersecting local and global histories of the narcotics trade as well as regulation, criminality, and migration. This cannot be understood without exploring how Jews and others were racialized in different regional contexts. This process of racialization was imbricated with perceptions and practices of Jewish criminality and other socially undesirable behavior, which threatened to cast Jewish migrants as transgressing the boundaries of acceptable citizenship.
    DOI: 10.2979/jewisocistud.25.3.01
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  • 2
    Article
    Article
    The façade of Hebraism : Aharon Reuveni and the search for monolingualism. (2020)
    In:  Jewish Social Studies 25,3 (2020) 71-102
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-6704
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2020
    Titel der Quelle: Jewish Social Studies
    Angaben zur Quelle: 25,3 (2020) 71-102
    Keywords: Reuveni, A., ; Yiddish literature Translations into Hebrew ; Bilingualism ; Self-translation ; Eretz Israel Languages ; History
    Abstract: This article examines Aharon Reuveni's practice of self-translation between Yiddish and Hebrew in his World War I trilogy Ad Yerushalayim (To Jerusalem, 1919-25), arguing that it poignantly reveals the multilingual reality of pre-state Palestine. Drawing on current work in translation studies, this article demonstrates how Reuveni's novels, first written in Yiddish and immediately translated into Hebrew, can be read as double texts, rendering the final Hebrew trilogy multilingual and joining other Hebrew novels in a de facto critique of monolingualism. In this, multilingualism enters the contemplation of what has previously been considered a Hebrew text through and through, foregrounding, even enabling, a discussion of language tensions both thematically as well as in the process of composition and translation of the trilogy.
    DOI: 10.2979/jewisocistud.25.3.03
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  • 3
    Article
    Article
    The Jews of Van-Urmia : remembering borderland migrations (1914-18). (2023)
    In:  Jewish Social Studies 28,1 (2023) 79-115
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-6704
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2023
    Titel der Quelle: Jewish Social Studies
    Angaben zur Quelle: 28,1 (2023) 79-115
    Keywords: Jews History 20th century ; Jews History 20th century ; World War, 1914-1918 Jews ; World War, 1914-1918 Jews ; Lake Van (Turkey) ; Urmia, Lake (Iran)
    Abstract: Until 1914, around 2,000 Jews lived in the area between Lakes Van and Urmia, an Ottoman-Iranian borderland. These Neo-Aramaic-speaking Jews of the Van-Urmia border region enjoyed relative autonomy from both the Ottoman Empire and Iran. But Jewish life in the Ottoman province of Van came to an end during World War I when violence, unrest, genocide, and expulsion combined to displace the community, known as Nash Didan, from the region. Using oral histories from Van-descended Jews, this study reconstructs memories of borderland life to reveal a lingering self-perception that conceives of Nash Didan identity outside of Ottoman, Turkish, or Iranian Jewish narratives. It also reinscribes this forgotten community into the growing literature on the Ottoman east.
    DOI: 10.2979/jewisocistud.28.1.04
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  • 4
    Article
    Article
    Moshe Wilbushewich, "vitamin bread", and rationalizing the Jewish diet in Mandate Palestine. (2023)
    In:  Jewish Social Studies 28,1 (2023) 23-48
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-6704
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2023
    Titel der Quelle: Jewish Social Studies
    Angaben zur Quelle: 28,1 (2023) 23-48
    Keywords: Vilbushevich, Moshe, ; Nutrition History ; Bread History ; Jewish-Arab relations History ; Food habits History ; Eretz Israel Social conditions 1917-1948, British Mandate period
    Abstract: Dreams of good food, writes Aaron Bobrow-Strain, are powerful social forces, which "arise out of particular constellations of power and interests that can be analyzed and understood." This article focuses on a specific food item—Vitamin Bread (leḥem ḥai), developed by Moshe Wilbushewich in 1920s Palestine—as embodying notions of "good food" premised on the tenets of rational nutrition. I show how the development of the bread was informed not only by a nutritional discourse, which counted energy units and analyzed nutrients, but also by a colonial discourse about Jewish and Arab physical and mental difference, about the role of science in colonization, and by the interests of Jewish settlement. For its inventor, Vitamin Bread embodied the attempt to compensate for the physical inferiority of civilized Jewish settlers compared to indigenous Arabs by means of their intellectual advantage, namely, by recruiting science in the service of improving Jewish nutrition.
    DOI: 10.2979/jewisocistud.28.1.02
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  • 5
    Article
    Article
    Radio Tunis's "The Hebrew hour" (1939-56) : a microhistory. (2023)
    In:  Jewish Social Studies 28,1 (2023) 150-178
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-6704
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2023
    Titel der Quelle: Jewish Social Studies
    Angaben zur Quelle: 28,1 (2023) 150-178
    Keywords: Radio programs ; Hebrew language ; Zionism History 20th century ; Tunisia
    Abstract: Radio Tunis's The Hebrew Hour (1939–56) was the first and longest running Jewish radio program in North Africa. From its debut just before World War II and through its final broadcasts just after Tunisian independence, its announcer Félix Allouche, a Zionist activist and journalist, brought together a diverse range of personalities, subject matter, political preferences, and musical repertoires in a single, multi-lingual forum. In this article, I demonstrate that, unlike the printed press, the radio allowed for such convergence due to its aural quality. In doing so, I reconsider the seemingly divergent ideological trajectories of Tunisian Jewry between the interwar and postwar periods while also treating the consequences of the program's drift toward Zionism after 1948. Finally, by conceiving of early- to mid-twentieth century Jewish radio in global terms and Arab radio beyond the framework of resistance, I suggest that new models are needed for both.
    DOI: 10.2979/jewisocistud.28.1.06
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  • 6
    Article
    Article
    Between the border of despair and the "circle of tears" : Musrara on the margins of Jewish-Arab existence in Jerusalem. (2023)
    In:  Jewish Social Studies 28,2 (2023) 75-98
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-6704
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2023
    Titel der Quelle: Jewish Social Studies
    Angaben zur Quelle: 28,2 (2023) 75-98
    Keywords: Jewish-Arab relations ; Morashah (Jerusalem, Israel) History ; Jerusalem (Israel) Ethnic relations ; Israel Social conditions 1948-1967
    Abstract: This article focuses on Jerusalem's Musrara—a neighborhood trapped between borders—between 1948 and 1967. Barbed wire running along the eastern side of the neighborhood divided the city of Jerusalem between 1948 and 1967. Musrara's western border separated it from West Jerusalem, thus enhancing the division between its residents—new immigrants of Middle Eastern descent—and the mainly Ashkenazi population of the western part of Jerusalem. Our analysis of a neighborhood on the margins of Jewish and Arab existence in post-1948 Jerusalem considers the perspectives of immigrants and refugees living on a double border that separated the Eastern-Arab part of the city from its Western-Jewish part, or between "old Jerusalem" and "new Jerusalem." The border also signified the boundary between "first Israel" and "second Israel," or the Jewish frontier and neighborhoods in the city center.
    DOI: 10.2979/jss.2023.a901513
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  • 7
    Article
    Article
    Resurrecting "Maghreb pluriel"? : Jews and postauthoritarian Tunisia. (2023)
    In:  Jewish Social Studies 28,2 (2023) 173-202
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-6704
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2023
    Titel der Quelle: Jewish Social Studies
    Angaben zur Quelle: 28,2 (2023) 173-202
    Keywords: Jews Social conditions 21st century ; Jews Identity ; Antisemitism History ; Cultural property Protection ; Tunisia Politics and government 21st century
    Abstract: The Tunisian revolution of 2011 marked a partial reconfiguration of the political elite and the beginning of a protracted democratization process whose long-term success is far from secured. In this article, I discuss societal/political/cultural transformations toward democracy in Tunisia since 2011 through the prism of its tiny Jewish minority. The perceived homogeneity of Tunisian society has come under increasing scrutiny since the revolution, and this includes a heightened visibility of the country's Jewish community and a degree of public debate on related topics. I focus on three cases: the preservation of Jewish cultural heritage, the demise of an NGO designed to fight racism and antisemitism in Tunisia, and the commemoration of the German occupation of Tunisia during World War II. Addressing contemporary Tunisian history "from the margins" enables a more nuanced understanding of political struggles that accompany processes of de-/re-territorializing Tunisian collective identities.
    DOI: 10.2979/jss.2023.a901517
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  • 8
    Article
    Article
    The Torah of Che Guevara : Jewish students and armed struggle in military Brazil. (2022)
    In:  Jewish Social Studies 27,3 (2022) 1-31
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-6704
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2022
    Titel der Quelle: Jewish Social Studies
    Angaben zur Quelle: 27,3 (2022) 1-31
    Keywords: Jews History 20th century ; Political activists ; Brazil Politics and government 1964-1985
    Abstract: Studies of Latin American Jews under Cold War dictatorships have primarily focused on Jewish victims of dictatorial state violence. More recent scholarship, however, has offered individual case studies of Argentine Jewish activists as political actors rather than victims. Building on this newer work, this article examines the participation of Jewish high school and university students in the student movement and armed struggle against the Brazilian military regime (1964–85). Drawing on secret police records, memoirs, and oral history interviews, it explores the experiences of a dozen Jewish activists, tracing their politicization to family ties, Jewish elementary schools and summer camps, and elite public high schools. Blurring the boundaries between the "communalist" and "dispersionist" approaches to Jewish history by demonstrating how social networks established through leftist Jewish institutions had lasting impacts on ostensibly unaffiliated Jewish activists, this article offers the first extended examination of Jewish anti-dictatorship activism in the Latin American sixties.
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  • 9
    Article
    Article
    Between "El-Horria" and "La Liberté" : the Jewish worldview of a Judeo-Arabic and French newspaper from twentieth century Tangier, Morocco. (2022)
    In:  Jewish Social Studies 27,3 (2022) 123-157
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-6704
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2022
    Titel der Quelle: Jewish Social Studies
    Angaben zur Quelle: 27,3 (2022) 123-157
    Keywords: Liberté (Tangier, Morocco) ; Jews Intellectual life 20th century ; Jews Identity ; Jewish newspapers ; Zionism History 20th century ; Tangier (Morocco)
    Abstract: El-Horria/La Liberté was a bilingual, Judeo-Arabic and French, Jewish weekly newspaper published in Tangier, Morocco between 1914 and ca. 1924. This article offers a careful study of this newspaper in order to show the worldview it created for its consumers through discussion of issues its editor and authors deemed to be crucial for Jewish life in Morocco at the time. These ranged from the consequences of World War I to French colonialism, Jewish peoplehood, Zionism, or the reorganization and modernization of Jewish communities in Morocco. Through a comparison of writings in Judeo-Arabic and French, this article also unpacks the intersections between language, social hierarchy, socio-political commitments, and Jewish minority-Muslim majority relations in Morocco. Ultimately, this article demonstrates how El-Horria/La Liberté promoted the integration of French-speaking, intellectual, urban, Jewish elites into a Jewish world focused on eastern and central Europe, and how it tried to do the same for the larger group of Judeo-Arabic speaking Jews in the Moroccan interior, although it was sometimes challenged by the latter.
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  • 10
    Article
    Article
    "What is permitted to Jupiter is not permitted to an Ox" : Maskilim as a class phenomenon. (2022)
    In:  Jewish Social Studies 27,3 (2022) 158-188
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-6704
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2022
    Titel der Quelle: Jewish Social Studies
    Angaben zur Quelle: 27,3 (2022) 158-188
    Keywords: Haskalah ; Jews Economic conditions 19th century ; Jews Intellectual life 19th century ; Jews History 19th century
    Abstract: The Haskalah emerged in the eighteenth century under the auspices of modernized Jewish commercial elites. By the late 1860s, however, Russian maskilim started to adopt highly critical positions toward their former patrons, and some toward capitalist relationships in general. This article sheds light on a previously neglected factor in discussions on the economic position of maskilim. It points to the growing gulf between them and their purported commercial patrons, spurred by changing tsarist policy toward Jews. The decision by Alexander II's administration to unofficially appoint moneyed elites to positions of Jewish leadership and grant them exceptional privileges left maskilim without moral and financial support in an increasingly hostile traditional society in the Pale. This led to the further polarization and alienation of maskilim in relation to both the Pale's traditionalists (rabbinic and commercial elites trying to preserve the existing power structures and religious practices) and the Jewish nouveau riche in the imperial cities––and to the rise of a maskilic class identity.
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