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  • 1
    Article
    Article
    Die Pest und die Juden : Mythen, Fakten, Topoi. (2019)
    In:  Aschkenas; Zeitschrift für Geschichte und Kultur der Juden 29,1 (2019) 43-62
    Details
    ISSN: 1016-4987
    Language: German
    Year of publication: 2019
    Titel der Quelle: Aschkenas; Zeitschrift für Geschichte und Kultur der Juden
    Angaben zur Quelle: 29,1 (2019) 43-62
    Keywords: Pogroms History ; Black Death ; Antisemitism History Middle Ages, 500-1500
    Abstract: This paper explores the relation between the "Black Death" and the persecutions of Jews in the mid-14th century. At first glance, it may come as a surprise that pogroms never took place during an outbreak (as some black legends claim). They were a phenomenon which occurred, typically, before or (seldom) after a plague. When everyone had to reckon with the deadly danger, the charge of well-poisoning, which had a long and fatal tradition, moved to the centre again, accompanied by other incriminations of Jews. Having been of more theoretical (or magic) importance before then, the terrible accusation now seemed to be justified more than ever by the medical theory that poisoned water could cause "miasmata". The general anxiety, described excellently by Petrarch and other contemporaries, provided an ideal playground for fanatics and zealots who tried to convince people of the validity of such assumptions. It is therefore no wonder that the number of pogroms increased dramatically in 1348/49. They were promoted by the tactics of the emperor who sold his profitable role as a "protector of the Jews" increasingly to the "Imperial Free Cities". In many towns the Black Death was preceded (or sometimes followed) by anti-Jewish massacres that were instigated by anti-Jewish writings and pamphlets. Only a general crisis of mentality and widespread moral decadence made this possible. The solid financial interests of certain groups of society seem also to have played an important role. Nevertheless, we have to admit that these medieval persecutions have left many questions open - to this day.
    DOI: 10.1515/asch-2019-0004
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  • 2
    Article
    Article
    "Boten der Vergangenheit"? Antiquierte Barbarei : mittelalterliche Pogrome im neuzeitlichen Gedächtnis. (2000)
    In:  Aschkenas; Zeitschrift für Geschichte und Kultur der Juden 10,1 (2000) 9-41
    Details
    ISSN: 1016-4987
    Language: German
    Year of publication: 2000
    Titel der Quelle: Aschkenas; Zeitschrift für Geschichte und Kultur der Juden
    Angaben zur Quelle: 10,1 (2000) 9-41
    Keywords: Antisemitism History Middle Ages, 500-1500 ; Antisemitism Historiography
    Abstract: Using examples mainly from Germany, but also from England and France, states that the liberals of the Enlightenment (as well as pietists and Huguenots) saw the persecution of the Jews as part of the Dark Ages from which they were anxious to distance themselves; some also saw it as an element of the bigoted Christian orthodoxy they rejected. Not in all cases, however, did this view lead to more tolerance toward the Jews. Some liberals described the medieval Jews as equally bigoted, and thus responsible no less than the Christians for the persecutions; others found new reasons to hate Jews. Whereas many Jewish writers also saw in contemporary antisemitism a reversion to the Middle Ages, Graetz argued that antisemitism was an abiding phenomenon; the change that gave him hope was not in the Christians but in the Jews, who had begun to defend themselves and to take new pride in their Jewishness.
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  • 3
    Article
    Article
    Blasphemie zwischen antijüdischem Stigma und kultureller Praxis : zum Vorwurf der Gotteslästerung gegen die Juden in Mittelalter und beginnender Frühneuzeit. (2000)
    In:  Aschkenas; Zeitschrift für Geschichte und Kultur der Juden 10,1 (2000) 117-155
    Details
    ISSN: 1016-4987
    Language: German
    Year of publication: 2000
    Titel der Quelle: Aschkenas; Zeitschrift für Geschichte und Kultur der Juden
    Angaben zur Quelle: 10,1 (2000) 117-155
    Keywords: Christianity and antisemitism History To 1500 ; Christianity and antisemitism History 1500-1800 ; Antisemitism History Middle Ages, 500-1500 ; Antisemitism History 1500-1800
    Abstract: Allegations that Jews were guilty of blasphemy against Christ, the Virgin, and the Christian faith began to be heard in the 12th century with Peter the Venerable; they came to a head with Nicholas Donin's attacks on the Talmud, which led to its burning in Paris in 1240. Subsequently the accusation of blasphemy was one of the main motives, along with the more dangerous ones of well-poisoning, host desecration, and ritual murder, for hatred of the Jews. Host desecration and ritual murder contained an element of blasphemy: in these (supposedly) the Jews mocked Christ just as in the New Testament they did at his crucifixion. During the Reformation, blasphemy accusations multiplied, partly inspired by Luther, and were often among the reasons given for expulsion of Jews. As blood libels and other allegations were discredited, that of blasphemy, which had some basis in reality, increased in importance. Stresses that this accusation existed in the context of widespread swearing and blasphemy among Christians, which the Church attempted vainly to combat, but which was never punished as it was when committed by Jews.
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  • 4
    Article
    Article
    Die Verfolgungen von 1096 und die Ritualmordlegende : die Debatte über die Thesen Israel J. Yuvals. (1999)
    In:  Aschkenas; Zeitschrift für Geschichte und Kultur der Juden 9,1 (1999) 189-232
    Details
    ISSN: 1016-4987
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 1999
    Titel der Quelle: Aschkenas; Zeitschrift für Geschichte und Kultur der Juden
    Angaben zur Quelle: 9,1 (1999) 189-232
    Keywords: Yuval, Israel Jacob ; Blood accusation ; Martyrdom Judaism ; Antisemitism History Middle Ages, 500-1500 ; Christianity and antisemitism History To 1500 ; Crusades
    Abstract: After analyzing the reactions to the massacres of 1096 in contemporary chronicles and piyyutim, including the call for divine revenge, and the Jewish tradition of "Kiddush Hashem" and attitude to suicide, summarizes, for German readers, Yuval's thesis (published in Hebrew in "Zion" 58, 1993) on the causal connection between the killing of Jewish children by their parents in order to prevent their conversion and the Christian belief that Jews ritually murdered Christian children. Evaluates the subsequent arguments of Yuval's opponents, published in "Zion" and other journals. Concludes that the death of the Jewish children was only indirectly connected to the blood libel; as additional evidence of the Jews' stubborn rejection of Christianity, it reinforced, together with the perception of the Jews' longing for revenge, and other (true or fancied) attributions, the chimera of the Jews' hatred for Christians, of which the blood libel was an element.
    Note: An abridged English version appeared as "The collective suicides in the persecutions of 1096 as sacrificial acts" in "Human Sacrifice in Jewish and Christian Tradition" (2007) 213-236.
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  • 5
    Article
    Article
    Der Salzburger Erzbischof und seine Juden. (2021)
    In:  Aschkenas; Zeitschrift für Geschichte und Kultur der Juden 31,2 (2021) 237-295
    Details
    ISSN: 1016-4987
    Language: German
    Year of publication: 2021
    Titel der Quelle: Aschkenas; Zeitschrift für Geschichte und Kultur der Juden
    Angaben zur Quelle: 31,2 (2021) 237-295
    Keywords: Bishops ; Christianity and antisemitism History ; Jews History ; Jews Legal status, laws, etc. Middle Ages, 500-1500 ; History ; Antisemitism History Middle Ages, 500-1500
    Abstract: This article analyzes the relationship between the Archbishops of Salzburg and the Jewish inhabitants of their territory. Unlike other prince-(arch)bishops of the Holy Roman Empire who actively promoted their Jewish communities, the Archbishops of Salzburg showed significantly less interest in their Jewish subjects and only seldomly made use of their financial capacities. Nevertheless, they claimed lordship over the Jews of their territory and defined the legal parameters under which Jewish life flourished in the archbishopric’s major towns; individual Jews and their families were given special privileges. After two major persecutions in 1349 and 1404, the latter of which took place at least with the archbishop’s consent, Archbishop Leonhard von Keutschach expelled all Jewish inhabitants in 1498, ending the medieval Jewish settlement in the archbishopric.
    Note: With an English abstract.
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  • 6
    Article
    Article
    Die Predigt des Giordano da Pisa am Fest der "Passio imaginis Salvatoris" 1304 in Florenz. (1996)
    In:  Aschkenas; Zeitschrift für Geschichte und Kultur der Juden 6,1 (1996) 55-86
    Details
    ISSN: 1016-4987
    Language: German
    Year of publication: 1996
    Titel der Quelle: Aschkenas; Zeitschrift für Geschichte und Kultur der Juden
    Angaben zur Quelle: 6,1 (1996) 55-86
    Keywords: Jews ; Antisemitism History Middle Ages, 500-1500 ; Christianity and antisemitism History To 1500
    Abstract: Notes that in most of his sermons Giordano speaks of Jews relatively mildly and sometimes even appreciatively. When occasion warrants, however, as on the day commemorating a desecration of the image of Jesus by Jews in 8th-century Beirut, he indulges in the usual Dominican anti-Jewish demagogy. In addition to the Beirut legend, he repeats stories, ancient and recent, of ritual murder and Host desecration. All these end either in forced mass conversion or in massacre, thus (from his point of view) bringing good out of evil.
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  • 7
    Article
    Article
    Judenpogrome in rheinischen und westfälischen Städten im Umfeld des Schwarzen Todes. (2006)
    In:  Aschkenas; Zeitschrift für Geschichte und Kultur der Juden 16,2 (2006) 545-560
    Details
    ISSN: 1016-4987
    Language: German
    Year of publication: 2006
    Titel der Quelle: Aschkenas; Zeitschrift für Geschichte und Kultur der Juden
    Angaben zur Quelle: 16,2 (2006) 545-560
    Keywords: Jews History Middle Ages, 500-1500 ; Antisemitism History Middle Ages, 500-1500
    DOI: 10.1515/ASCH.2008.545
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  • 8
    Article
    Article
    Judenkennzeichnung und Judendiskriminierung in Westfalen bis zum Ende des Alten Reiches. (1993)
    In:  Aschkenas; Zeitschrift für Geschichte und Kultur der Juden 3 (1993) 15-47
    Details
    ISSN: 1016-4987
    Language: German
    Year of publication: 1993
    Titel der Quelle: Aschkenas; Zeitschrift für Geschichte und Kultur der Juden
    Angaben zur Quelle: 3 (1993) 15-47
    Keywords: Jews ; Jews History Middle Ages, 500-1500 ; Antisemitism History Middle Ages, 500-1500
    Abstract: Surveys distinguishing marks designed to separate the Jewish from the Christian population, from the Middle Ages to the 18th century. Distinctive Jewish costume and headdress were apparently traditional, but were made compulsory by the Fourth Lateran Council of 1215 as well as by a synod of Rhineland rabbis in 1223; both Christian and Jewish authorities were worried about interrelations which had led to conversions. The yellow badge was introduced in Germany in the 1430s, and its enforcement was propagated in 1451-52 by Cardinal Nicolaus of Cues and in 1530 by a decree of the Reichstag (partially repealed by Emperor Karl V eleven years later). Its use may be related to the disappearance of the "Jewish hat" as well as the expulsion of Jews from the cities and their increasing discrimination and oppression. In Westphalia the wearing of the badge was only sporadically enforced. Later documents contain complaints about the difficulty of identifying Jews who no longer wore distinctive clothing.
    Note: Mainly on the medieval period.
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  • 9
    Article
    Article
    Schlechte und gute Christen : zur Rolle von Christen in antijüdischen Ritualmord- und Hostienschändungslegenden. (1992)
    In:  Aschkenas; Zeitschrift für Geschichte und Kultur der Juden 2 (1992) 95-116
    Details
    ISSN: 1016-4987
    Language: German
    Year of publication: 1992
    Titel der Quelle: Aschkenas; Zeitschrift für Geschichte und Kultur der Juden
    Angaben zur Quelle: 2 (1992) 95-116
    Keywords: Christian legends History and criticism ; Jews History ; Antisemitism History Middle Ages, 500-1500 ; Antisemitism History 1500-1800 ; Blood accusation Fiction ; Host desecration accusation
    Abstract: Examines the character of Christian informers mentioned in 180 written accounts of ritual murder or host desecration (usually mixing legend and reality) from German-speaking countries in the 12th-18th centuries. Many informers, often known criminals, confessed to having sold consecrated wafers or Christian children (in some cases their own) to Jews. The motives for such confessions are not always clear; some may have been extracted under torture when a particular city was looking for a pretext to expel the Jews. Mentions cases of Christians who, believing legends about the Jews, actually tried to sell them host wafers or Christian blood, but the Jews reported them to the authorities. In other cases, the alleged "informants" appear to be inventions, meant to make the story more convincing. Other "bad Christians" (in the eyes of the chroniclers) are the rulers who tried to protect the Jews. The few "good Christians" include child victims and some informers (mostly female converts) who were not themselves suspected of taking part in the alleged crimes.
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  • 10
    Article
    Article
    "Pater noster Pyrenbitz" : zur sprachlichen Gestaltung jüdischer Figuren im deutschen Theater des Mittelalters. (1992)
    In:  Aschkenas; Zeitschrift für Geschichte und Kultur der Juden 2 (1992) 49-71
    Details
    ISSN: 1016-4987
    Language: German
    Year of publication: 1992
    Titel der Quelle: Aschkenas; Zeitschrift für Geschichte und Kultur der Juden
    Angaben zur Quelle: 2 (1992) 49-71
    Keywords: Antisemitism in the theater ; Antisemitism in literature ; Antisemitism History Middle Ages, 500-1500 ; German drama History and criticism Middle High German, 1050-1500 ; Jews in literature
    Abstract: Analyzes the representation of Jews in German-language medieval drama. The few known stage performances show that Jewish characters appeared in large numbers so as to transmit a sense of threat, but at the same time they were made to look ridiculous by fantastic costumes (in addition to the identifying Jewish hat). In the texts they cause scandal by denying Christian faith, but also arouse scorn by speaking a gibberish passing for Hebrew. The parody of the Lord's Prayer, "Pater noster Pyrenbitz", sung by the Jews as they dance around the Golden Calf in the Lucerne Easter play, embodies all these elements.
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