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  • 2020-2024  (68)
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  • 1
    Article
    Article
    The Jewish question in the British colonial imagination : the case of the deportation to Mauritius (1940-45). (2022)
    In:  Jewish Social Studies 27,3 (2022) 58-87
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-6704
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2022
    Titel der Quelle: Jewish Social Studies
    Angaben zur Quelle: 27,3 (2022) 58-87
    Keywords: Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) ; Jews History ; Jews History ; Colonies History 20th century ; Mauritius ; Eretz Israel Emigration and immigration 1917-1948, British Mandate period ; History
    Abstract: In December 1940, 1,580 Jewish refugees who fled Nazi-controlled Europe survived a long journey to Haifa only to be deported by the British Mandate authorities in Palestine to the British colony of Mauritius. Using this case study, this article explores British perceptions of the Jewish Question during World War II. It builds on a transnational archive that includes British colonial records from Britain, Palestine, and Mauritius, together with memoirs, letters, diaries, and oral testimonies from the Jewish detainees and the local Mauritians who remember them. In doing so, it asks three interconnected questions: How did the British authorities perceive the Jews deported to Mauritius? How did the deportees perceive Mauritius, their new destination, and its local population? And how were the detainees received and perceived by Mauritians? This three-pronged inquiry invites an exploration of the ambiguity of attitudes toward Jewish refugees inside and outside British colonial frames.
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  • 2
    Article
    Article
    Between "El-Horria" and "La Liberté" : the Jewish worldview of a Judeo-Arabic and French newspaper from twentieth century Tangier, Morocco. (2022)
    In:  Jewish Social Studies 27,3 (2022) 123-157
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-6704
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2022
    Titel der Quelle: Jewish Social Studies
    Angaben zur Quelle: 27,3 (2022) 123-157
    Keywords: Liberté (Tangier, Morocco) ; Jews Intellectual life 20th century ; Jews Identity ; Jewish newspapers ; Zionism History 20th century ; Tangier (Morocco)
    Abstract: El-Horria/La Liberté was a bilingual, Judeo-Arabic and French, Jewish weekly newspaper published in Tangier, Morocco between 1914 and ca. 1924. This article offers a careful study of this newspaper in order to show the worldview it created for its consumers through discussion of issues its editor and authors deemed to be crucial for Jewish life in Morocco at the time. These ranged from the consequences of World War I to French colonialism, Jewish peoplehood, Zionism, or the reorganization and modernization of Jewish communities in Morocco. Through a comparison of writings in Judeo-Arabic and French, this article also unpacks the intersections between language, social hierarchy, socio-political commitments, and Jewish minority-Muslim majority relations in Morocco. Ultimately, this article demonstrates how El-Horria/La Liberté promoted the integration of French-speaking, intellectual, urban, Jewish elites into a Jewish world focused on eastern and central Europe, and how it tried to do the same for the larger group of Judeo-Arabic speaking Jews in the Moroccan interior, although it was sometimes challenged by the latter.
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  • 3
    Article
    Article
    "What is permitted to Jupiter is not permitted to an Ox" : Maskilim as a class phenomenon. (2022)
    In:  Jewish Social Studies 27,3 (2022) 158-188
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-6704
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2022
    Titel der Quelle: Jewish Social Studies
    Angaben zur Quelle: 27,3 (2022) 158-188
    Keywords: Haskalah ; Jews Economic conditions 19th century ; Jews Intellectual life 19th century ; Jews History 19th century
    Abstract: The Haskalah emerged in the eighteenth century under the auspices of modernized Jewish commercial elites. By the late 1860s, however, Russian maskilim started to adopt highly critical positions toward their former patrons, and some toward capitalist relationships in general. This article sheds light on a previously neglected factor in discussions on the economic position of maskilim. It points to the growing gulf between them and their purported commercial patrons, spurred by changing tsarist policy toward Jews. The decision by Alexander II's administration to unofficially appoint moneyed elites to positions of Jewish leadership and grant them exceptional privileges left maskilim without moral and financial support in an increasingly hostile traditional society in the Pale. This led to the further polarization and alienation of maskilim in relation to both the Pale's traditionalists (rabbinic and commercial elites trying to preserve the existing power structures and religious practices) and the Jewish nouveau riche in the imperial cities––and to the rise of a maskilic class identity.
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  • 4
    Article
    Article
    Challenging humanism : Jews, theory, and Yale during the closing decades of the twentieth century. (2022)
    In:  Jewish Social Studies 27,3 (2022) 189-222
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-6704
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2022
    Titel der Quelle: Jewish Social Studies
    Angaben zur Quelle: 27,3 (2022) 189-222
    Keywords: Yale University ; Judaism and humanism ; Jewish college teachers History ; Jews Education (Higher) ; History
    Abstract: Jews used theory from the early 1970s to the late 80s at Yale University to revise humanism, a collection of intellectual traditions in the American academy until then largely shaped by a white, male, and Christian-European perspective. Jews, first, uncovered and reworked the philosophical principles of literary scholarship. Jews subsequently employed theory, often in anti-humanist ways, to help inaugurate a number of curricular and intellectual changes, from the reorganization and expansion of a Judaic Studies program at Yale to the housing of the Holocaust Survivors Film Project to contributing to the midrash-theory link, that had wide influence in the American academy and beyond. A chapter in the "Age of Theory," Jews' anti-humanist challenges renewed humanism and were illustrative of the intellectual and cultural effects of the increasing Jewish presence in American humanities departments.
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  • 5
    Article
    Article
    "Jews, heathens, and other dissenters" : governing religion in the English Atlantic world, 1614-1790. (2022)
    In:  Jewish Social Studies 27,3 (2022) 32-57
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-6704
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2022
    Titel der Quelle: Jewish Social Studies
    Angaben zur Quelle: 27,3 (2022) 32-57
    Keywords: Judaism History ; Imperialism ; Jews History ; Jews History ; Colonists History
    Abstract: This article argues that discussions about how Judaism "became a religion" should include consideration of early modern English thought and colonial governance. In the seventeenth century, Jews gradually came to be understood in relationship to new concepts of "religion" and "religions," even as they were beginning to inhabit English territories for the first time since their 1290 expulsion. In particular, Jews were related to a racialized spectrum that ranged from white Protestant dissent to Native and African heathenism. When Jews were granted rights, it was because they were understood not only as white settlers but as a religious group and even explicitly classified as Protestants. Centering the English imperial context and the plantation colonies of Barbados, Carolina, and Georgia, this article offers a critical prehistory of Jewish religious freedom in the United States, showing it to be far less sudden, complete, and benign than is often assumed.
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  • 6
    Article
    Article
    Becoming illegal : Sephardi Jews in the opiates trade. (2020)
    In:  Jewish Social Studies 25,3 (2020) 1-34
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-6704
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2020
    Titel der Quelle: Jewish Social Studies
    Angaben zur Quelle: 25,3 (2020) 1-34
    Keywords: Sephardim Commerce ; Opium trade Law and legislation ; Narcotic laws
    Abstract: During the early twentieth century, opium and its derivatives were transformed from a fully legal and highly lucrative commodity into one that was increasingly regulated and made illegal in a piecemeal fashion on a global scale. This propelled the transformation of Sephardi Jews involved in the opiates trade from communal elites in the late Ottoman Jewish world to men who skirted the edge of legality while still viewing their family businesses in opiates as licit. Examining Sephardi involvement in the global trade of opiates highlights how Sephardi history interplays with intersecting local and global histories of the narcotics trade as well as regulation, criminality, and migration. This cannot be understood without exploring how Jews and others were racialized in different regional contexts. This process of racialization was imbricated with perceptions and practices of Jewish criminality and other socially undesirable behavior, which threatened to cast Jewish migrants as transgressing the boundaries of acceptable citizenship.
    DOI: 10.2979/jewisocistud.25.3.01
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  • 7
    Article
    Article
    The façade of Hebraism : Aharon Reuveni and the search for monolingualism. (2020)
    In:  Jewish Social Studies 25,3 (2020) 71-102
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-6704
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2020
    Titel der Quelle: Jewish Social Studies
    Angaben zur Quelle: 25,3 (2020) 71-102
    Keywords: Reuveni, A., ; Yiddish literature Translations into Hebrew ; Bilingualism ; Self-translation ; Eretz Israel Languages ; History
    Abstract: This article examines Aharon Reuveni's practice of self-translation between Yiddish and Hebrew in his World War I trilogy Ad Yerushalayim (To Jerusalem, 1919-25), arguing that it poignantly reveals the multilingual reality of pre-state Palestine. Drawing on current work in translation studies, this article demonstrates how Reuveni's novels, first written in Yiddish and immediately translated into Hebrew, can be read as double texts, rendering the final Hebrew trilogy multilingual and joining other Hebrew novels in a de facto critique of monolingualism. In this, multilingualism enters the contemplation of what has previously been considered a Hebrew text through and through, foregrounding, even enabling, a discussion of language tensions both thematically as well as in the process of composition and translation of the trilogy.
    DOI: 10.2979/jewisocistud.25.3.03
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  • 8
    Article
    Article
    Hasidic attitudes toward the non-Jewish world. (2020)
    In:  Jewish Social Studies 25,3 (2020) 35-70
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-6704
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2020
    Titel der Quelle: Jewish Social Studies
    Angaben zur Quelle: 25,3 (2020) 35-70
    Keywords: Hasidism Philosophy ; Gentiles Public opinion ; Hasidim Attitudes ; Judaism Relations ; Christianity ; Christianity
    Abstract: This article surveys the spectrum of Hasidic-gentile relations, from Hasidic perceptions of non-Jews to aspects of their everyday interactions as expressed in various Hasidic and non-Hasidic sources. We explore perspectives on non-Jews presented in Hasidic speculative teachings and consider the impact of these theories on the nature of Hasidic-gentile daily relations. We put particular emphasis on the level of egalitarian contacts among rank-and-file Hasidim and their neighbors. Additionally, we examine the cultural exchange between Hasidim and non-Jews as the least ideologized form of interaction between the two groups. By turning attention to Hasidic attitudes toward gentiles and their day-to-day relations, we aim to shed light on the understudied aspect of the Hasidic experience in Eastern Europe—an experience that took place among, and in complex interaction with, the Hasidim's non-Jewish neighbors.
    DOI: 10.2979/jewisocistud.25.3.02
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  • 9
    Article
    Article
    Creating a Cold War boogeyman : Aron Vergelis's political career. (2020)
    In:  Jewish Social Studies 25,3 (2020) 103-129
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-6704
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2020
    Titel der Quelle: Jewish Social Studies
    Angaben zur Quelle: 25,3 (2020) 103-129
    Keywords: Ṿergelis, Arn ; Sovetish Heymland (Moscow) ; Jewish journalists Biography ; Jews Social conditions ; Jews Government policy ; Cold War ; United States Public opinion
    Abstract: In November 1963, Aron Vergelis, editor of the Moscow Yiddish journal Sovetish Heymland (1961-1991), visited the United States for the first time. This was the first American voyage of a Soviet Jewish cultural personality since 1943, when Solomon Mikhoels and the Yiddish poet Itsik Fefer famously toured the United States as leaders of the Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee. As it turned out, this would be the beginning of Vergelis's quarter-century career as a globetrotting Cold War era propagandist. This article analyzes the circumstances by which Vergelis, a figure of modest influence and stature, appeared as a visible figure in the arena of Soviet-Western ideological confrontation.
    DOI: 10.2979/jewisocistud.25.3.04
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  • 10
    Article
    Article
    Arab labor, Jewish humor : memory, identity, and creative resistance on Israeli prime-time television. (2020)
    In:  Jewish Social Studies 25,2 (2020) 107-126
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-6704
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2020
    Titel der Quelle: Jewish Social Studies
    Angaben zur Quelle: 25,2 (2020) 107-126
    Keywords: Qashu, Sayed, ; 'Avodah 'aravit (Television program) ; Television comedies History and criticism ; Palestinian Arabs ; Collective memory ; Jewish-Arab relations ; Arab-Israeli conflict Mass media and the conflict
    Abstract: The prime-time television comedy Arab Labor, created by Israeli-Palestinian writer Sayed Kashua, allows viewers to reconceptualize Israeli collective memory, rendering it more inclusive for non-Jewish citizens of the state. A close visual and textual analysis of one particularly bold episode, titled “Memorial Day” (Zikaron), reveals that the episode aims to bridge an existing gap between two formative narratives: the celebratory Jewish War of Independence and the Nakba, the Palestinian disaster of 1948. This daring cultural suggestion, indeed an antidiscourse, identifies productive intersections between these competing narratives. Moreover, by employing humor, irony, and the genre of the sitcom, the creators of the series mask a volatile criticism of prevailing social conventions and norms in contemporary Israeli society. The creative resolutions to the various crises the storyline raises—resolutions that on many occasions transgress social boundaries—create a meaningful space for identity negotiation and cultural intervention in the Israeli sociopolitical arena.
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