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  • 1
    Article
    Article
    What is beautiful is good? : Examining the significance of Sarah’s beauty in Genesis Apocryphon 20:2-9. (2022)
    In:  AABNER - Advances in Ancient Biblical and Near Easter Research 1,2 (2022) 83-106
    Details
    ISSN: 2748-6419
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2022
    Titel der Quelle: AABNER - Advances in Ancient Biblical and Near Easter Research
    Angaben zur Quelle: 1,2 (2022) 83-106
    Keywords: Sarah In post-biblical literature ; Genesis Apocryphon Criticism, interpretation, etc. ; Beauty, Personal, in post-biblical literature
    Abstract: The description of Sarah in Genesis Apocryphon 20:2–9 may be the only narrative containing a woman’s physiognomic description that has been preserved in ancient Jewish texts. First, by reading the references in light of physiognomics, which assumes that physical aesthetics reflect inner qualities, I analyze the beauty preferences expressed in this text. I make use of physiognomic descriptions in ancient Near Eastern and Greek texts to uncover what the aesthetic preferences may have indicated in antiquity. Second, whereas others have proposed that the physiognomic examination concerns Sarah as a spouse, I argue that the description of Sarah’s appearance does not concern her relationship with Abraham. Rather, the passage speaks of Sarah’s own qualities, which the Egyptians are able to recognize thanks to their physiognomic examination; they examine Sarah as a possible spouse for the king and find her suitable. Also, based on Sarah’s looks, the Egyptians conclude that she possesses wisdom.
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  • 2
    Article
    Article
    The 1920 Antiquities Ordinance of Palestine and the year 1700 for antiquities : new discoveries. (2022)
    In:  AABNER - Advances in Ancient Biblical and Near Easter Research 1,2 (2022) 39-80
    Details
    ISSN: 2748-6419
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2022
    Titel der Quelle: AABNER - Advances in Ancient Biblical and Near Easter Research
    Angaben zur Quelle: 1,2 (2022) 39-80
    Keywords: Archaeology Law and legislation ; Eretz Israel Antiquities ; Law and legislation ; Eretz Israel History 1917-1948, British Mandate period
    Abstract: The Antiquities Ordinance (Law) of 1920 was instrumental for the archaeology of Palestine in the British Mandate period. It was highly successful in having significant influence, for many years, on the antiquities legislation of Jordan and Israel after 1948. This law has hardly been studied so far, except for one detail—the setting of the year 1700 CE for defining antiquities. Based on many as yet unpublished documents from several archives, I discuss in this article the complex origins of the 1920 Antiquities Law. Contrary to the current scholarly consensus, it was created by many agents (historians, archaeologists, legal experts, politicians, military men), working since 1918 in Egypt, Palestine, Britain, and the international peace conferences held after World War I. The law was a compromise between the desire to facilitate the excavation, trade, and export of finds (for the benefit of Western institutions) and the wish to protect sites and keep finds in Palestine (for the benefit of local populations). The year 1700 CE was not a measure taken against protecting the area’s (late) Ottoman heritage, but a reasonable choice at a time when the discipline of historical archaeology did not exist yet.
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  • 3
    Article
    Article
    Bringing to birth : relationship with YHWH. (2021)
    In:  AABNER - Advances in Ancient Biblical and Near Easter Research 1,1 (2021) 65-88
    Details
    ISSN: 2748-6419
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2021
    Titel der Quelle: AABNER - Advances in Ancient Biblical and Near Easter Research
    Angaben zur Quelle: 1,1 (2021) 65-88
    Keywords: Bible. Criticism, interpretation, etc. ; Bible. Criticism, interpretation, etc. ; Birth in the Bible ; God Biblical teaching
    Abstract: In the Hebrew Bible, YHWH controls the womb. He opens and closes the womb, controls gestation, and birth, and in Pss 22:10–11 and 71:6 there are physical descriptions, however brief, of YHWH bringing forth from the womb. The image in the text is physical. In both psalms, YHWH lays hands on the infant and in Ps 22:10 sets the infant on its mother’s breast. The image is also conceptual. Being brought forth from the womb is a movement from darkness to light, from being enclosed to being exposed and vulnerable, from submerged in protective waters where YHWH’s presence is guaranteed to being thrust into a world in which the supplicant accuses YHWH of abandoning him (Ps 22:1–3) and pleads with YHWH not to cast him off in his old age (Ps 71:9). The womb is a space of surety, existing in the same space as absolute doubt. It is the possibility of life and death, hope and devastation, great fear and overwhelming joy. It is a simultaneous knowing and unknowing. With this diverse range of physical aspects and conceptual parameters, the opening of the womb is one of the most compelling images to communicate humanity’s relationship with YHWH.
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  • 4
    Article
    Article
    A pilgrimage to Iron Age II Tel Dan. (2021)
    In:  AABNER - Advances in Ancient Biblical and Near Easter Research 1,3 (2021) 143-190
    Details
    ISSN: 2748-6419
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2021
    Titel der Quelle: AABNER - Advances in Ancient Biblical and Near Easter Research
    Angaben zur Quelle: 1,3 (2021) 143-190
    Keywords: Bible Antiquities ; Iron age ; Pilgrims and pilgrimages ; Dan (Extinct city) (Israel) Antiquities
    Abstract: Pilgrimage—a journey to a shrine or other sacred place undertaken to gain divine aid, as an act of thanksgiving or penance, or to demonstrate devotion within a particular religious system—has been the subject of archaeological investigation in recent years. The site of Tel Dan (Tell el-Qadi), Israel, provides a unique opportunity to explore pilgrimage because its remains have been exposed over a wide expanse and it has produced a great deal of archaeological data. Dan is also remembered in the Hebrew Bible as an Israelite pilgrimage destination. In this paper, we attempt to recreate the experience of a pilgrim moving through the stations of the pilgrimage itinerary of Holy Dan. We end by providing a synthetic analysis of pilgrimage at the site invoking biblical, archaeological, iconographic, and ancient Near Eastern textual data, viewed through a phenomenological lens.
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  • 5
    Article
    Article
    What did feeding the dead mean? : Two case studies from Iron Age tombs at Beth-Shemesh. (2021)
    In:  AABNER - Advances in Ancient Biblical and Near Easter Research 1,3 (2021) 117-142
    Details
    ISSN: 2748-6419
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2021
    Titel der Quelle: AABNER - Advances in Ancient Biblical and Near Easter Research
    Angaben zur Quelle: 1,3 (2021) 117-142
    Keywords: Iron age ; Tombs ; Dead Biblical teaching ; Food Religious aspects ; Judaism ; Bet Shemesh (Israel) Antiquities
    Abstract: Feeding the dead was an accepted cultural practice in the world of biblical writers. It is circumscribed by cultic considerations in passages such as Deut 26:14, but there are no texts that prohibit the placing of food inside tombs. Thus, the biblical writers tacitly acknowledged the practice, though feeding the dead is never explicitly prescribed in the Hebrew Bible. Conversely, mortuary remains from Judah indicate that it was common during the Iron Age II–III, continuing into the Second Temple Period. Yet the evidence is incomplete. There are few inscriptional or iconographic sources that shed light on the association of food and the dead. The purpose of this paper is to reframe feeding the dead and reexamine it through the study of ritual. The practice involved placing food inside a space –the tomb– ritualized through binary oppositions such as living/dead and pure/impure. The latter dichotomy is instructive because biblical allusions to the practice are often found in the image of food made impure due to contact with the dead (see Hos 9:4). The impure food in these literary scenarios is an outcome of ritualization. Two Iron Age tombs from Beth-Shemesh will serve as case examples for how we might explore feeding the dead using the binary oppositions that are evoked in biblical concepts of ritual impurity, particularly those concerned with the treatment of the corpse. These archaeological case studies will, in turn, suggest new ways of looking at what feeding the dead meant in the Hebrew Bible.
    DOI: 10.35068/aabner.v1i3.833
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  • 6
    Article
    Article
    Human identity and purpose redefined : Gen 1:26-28 and 2:5-25 in context. (2021)
    In:  AABNER - Advances in Ancient Biblical and Near Easter Research 1,3 (2021) 29-44
    Details
    ISSN: 2748-6419
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2021
    Titel der Quelle: AABNER - Advances in Ancient Biblical and Near Easter Research
    Angaben zur Quelle: 1,3 (2021) 29-44
    Keywords: Bible. Criticism, interpretation, etc. ; Bible. Criticism, interpretation, etc. ; Creation Biblical teaching ; Human beings Biblical teaching ; Assyro-Babylonian literature Relation to the Bible
    Abstract: Ancient creation stories define humanity in relation to the gods. In the Atraḫasīs Epic, for example, humans were created as a labor force to relieve the lower casteof deities from their toil. In Gen 1–2 humanity was also created to serve God, but the commands to rule and subdue the earth, and to care and cultivate the garden of Eden, are framed by the preceding statement in Gen 1:26–27 that humanity was created in God’s image and likeness, that is, as his children. To appreciate Genesis’s claim, we must consider it in light of its ancient Near Eastern environment. For Gen 1–2 this includes a set of ritual texts from Mesopotamia, the “Washing and Opening of the Mouth,” which describe the process by which divine images, or statues of the gods, were created. Genesis 2 seems to draw from these rituals, or at least the ideas they represent, in order to elaborate on the meaning of בצלם אלהים in Gen 1:26–28. If our aim is to understand how Genesis 1–2 redefines human identity and purpose, we must consider the prevailing views on human creation and the birth of the gods (in their statues) with which it interacted.
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  • 7
    Article
    Article
    Dressing up : role-playing in the Egyptian wpt r ritual and a contextualized view of the biblical priesthood. (2021)
    In:  AABNER - Advances in Ancient Biblical and Near Easter Research 1,3 (2021) 13-27
    Details
    ISSN: 2748-6419
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2021
    Titel der Quelle: AABNER - Advances in Ancient Biblical and Near Easter Research
    Angaben zur Quelle: 1,3 (2021) 13-27
    Keywords: Bible Comparative studies ; Vestments in the Bible ; Priests, Jewish Biblical teaching ; Ritual
    Abstract: Dress and the act of dressing-up find expression in earliest antiquity in both simple and complex forms. In ritual contexts dress is best labeled as costume, which informs roles played within the ritual. The study here is interested in ritual texts of the ancient Near East and examines the costume of the sm priest in the Egyptian wpt r ritual and the rituals related to the costume of the biblical priesthood, namely those in Exod 28–29, 40, Lev 6, 8, 16, and Ezek 42 and 44. Both Egyptian and biblical rituals demonstrate necessary costuming for the efficacy of ritual participation. The costume symbolically and temporarily transformed the wearer for the purpose of playing a role. The wearers, then, embodied an identity other than their own, believing themselves capable of playing the roles necessary for the ritual. For the sm priest in the Egyptian wpt r ritual, the ba transformed the sm to ba, such that the sm then embodied a physical strength beyond his own and the divine roles of the gods Horus and Thoth. For the biblical priests, their costumes, which were crafted of the same materials as the house for the presence of the Israelite deity Yahweh and labeled “holy to Yahweh,” קדש ליהוה, were the conduit by which they were transformed and embodied the divine.
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  • 8
    Article
    Article
    Prayers for this life and the next : the polysemy of mortuary Psalms in their ancient Near Eastern context. (2021)
    In:  AABNER - Advances in Ancient Biblical and Near Easter Research 1,3 (2021) 45-80
    Details
    ISSN: 2748-6419
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2021
    Titel der Quelle: AABNER - Advances in Ancient Biblical and Near Easter Research
    Angaben zur Quelle: 1,3 (2021) 45-80
    Keywords: Bible. Comparative studies ; Future life Assyro-Babylonian religion ; Kings and rulers Religious aspects ; Assyro-Babylonian religion
    Abstract: Long before Israel and Judah emerged, and throughout the period of their existence, kings in the Levant imagined an afterlife in which they would live forever, rising at regular intervals from peaceful repose to dine and drink in the presence of their divine lords. In time, the authors of the Hebrew Bible rejected those beliefs, but the Bible we read today reflects both the rejection and the earlier religious ideas that were finally excluded. This paper argues that it is possible to excavate from the Psalter fragments of a liturgy for the royal mortuary cult of the Davidic kings.
    DOI: 10.35068/aabner.v1i3.831
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  • 9
    Article
    Article
    The day storm in Mesopotamian literature : a background to the biblical day of Yahweh?. (2021)
    In:  AABNER - Advances in Ancient Biblical and Near Easter Research 1,1 (2021) 29-63
    Details
    ISSN: 2748-6419
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2021
    Titel der Quelle: AABNER - Advances in Ancient Biblical and Near Easter Research
    Angaben zur Quelle: 1,1 (2021) 29-63
    Keywords: Bible Comparative studies ; Day of Jehovah ; Assyro-Babylonian literature Relation to the Bible
    Abstract: This article explores the conception of divine (decision) days, especially the “day-storm” in second- and first-millennium Sumerian and Akkadian literature and finally compares it to the “the day of Yahweh” in the Hebrew Bible.
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  • 10
    Article
    Article
    Introduction : ritual in biblical text and biblical lands. (2021)
    In:  AABNER - Advances in Ancient Biblical and Near Easter Research 1,3 (2021) 1-9
    Details
    ISSN: 2748-6419
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2021
    Titel der Quelle: AABNER - Advances in Ancient Biblical and Near Easter Research
    Angaben zur Quelle: 1,3 (2021) 1-9
    Keywords: Bible Criticism, interpretation, etc. ; Ritual in the Bible
    Abstract: The papers in this special issue speak to the numerous ways in which thinking about the Hebrew Bible within its ancient Near Eastern cultural and intellectual environment can provide new insights and further the understanding of ritual in the biblical world. Papers herein look outwards to Israel’s neighbors both near and far in their examination of ritual and cult in this life and the next. The authors cull from a variety of approaches, from philological (comparative literatures), iconographic (visual exegesis), and archaeological (material culture) to explore biblical texts as cultural products and “textual artifacts” of ancient Israel.
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