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  • 1
    Article
    Article
    In:  AABNER - Advances in Ancient Biblical and Near Easter Research 1,1 (2021) 29-63
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2021
    Titel der Quelle: AABNER - Advances in Ancient Biblical and Near Easter Research
    Angaben zur Quelle: 1,1 (2021) 29-63
    Keywords: Bible Comparative studies ; Day of Jehovah ; Assyro-Babylonian literature Relation to the Bible
    Abstract: This article explores the conception of divine (decision) days, especially the “day-storm” in second- and first-millennium Sumerian and Akkadian literature and finally compares it to the “the day of Yahweh” in the Hebrew Bible.
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  • 2
    Article
    Article
    In:  AABNER - Advances in Ancient Biblical and Near Easter Research 1,3 (2021) 1-9
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2021
    Titel der Quelle: AABNER - Advances in Ancient Biblical and Near Easter Research
    Angaben zur Quelle: 1,3 (2021) 1-9
    Keywords: Bible Criticism, interpretation, etc. ; Ritual in the Bible
    Abstract: The papers in this special issue speak to the numerous ways in which thinking about the Hebrew Bible within its ancient Near Eastern cultural and intellectual environment can provide new insights and further the understanding of ritual in the biblical world. Papers herein look outwards to Israel’s neighbors both near and far in their examination of ritual and cult in this life and the next. The authors cull from a variety of approaches, from philological (comparative literatures), iconographic (visual exegesis), and archaeological (material culture) to explore biblical texts as cultural products and “textual artifacts” of ancient Israel.
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  • 3
    Article
    Article
    In:  AABNER - Advances in Ancient Biblical and Near Easter Research 1,3 (2021) 81-115
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2021
    Titel der Quelle: AABNER - Advances in Ancient Biblical and Near Easter Research
    Angaben zur Quelle: 1,3 (2021) 81-115
    Keywords: Bible Criticism, interpretation, etc. ; Amulets ; Silver ; Metallurgy in the Bible ; Valley of Hinnom (Jerusalem, Israel) Antiquities
    Abstract: Since the discovery of the Ketef Hinnom amulets most studies have focused upon the semantic content of their inscriptions and their relationship to the biblical texts. As a result, few studies asked how their manufacture from silver and their design as tiny scrolls communicated meaning. The present study attempts to fill this lacuna by exploring their materiality as purified silver that was rolled into tiny scrolls. While past studies emphasize that silver was a signifier of economic and social status, I argue that the affordances of silver were also central to their ritual logic. I show how a material religion approach to the amulets offers new insights into the sensory affordances of silver and how this metal’s properties mediated notions of divine presence and ritual purity. Several biblical texts describe Yahweh as a divine metallurgist who attempts to purify Judah through the removal or extraction of base alloys or impurities. Beyond clarifying the affordances of Ketef Hinnom’s silver, I argue that the silver materiality of the objects guided or influenced their semantic content. Verbal allusions to covenant loyalty and the shining face of Yahweh complemented silver’s chemical purity and shine.
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  • 4
    Article
    Article
    In:  AABNER - Advances in Ancient Biblical and Near Easter Research 1,3 (2021) 117-142
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2021
    Titel der Quelle: AABNER - Advances in Ancient Biblical and Near Easter Research
    Angaben zur Quelle: 1,3 (2021) 117-142
    Keywords: Iron age ; Tombs ; Dead Biblical teaching ; Food Religious aspects ; Judaism ; Bet Shemesh (Israel) Antiquities
    Abstract: Feeding the dead was an accepted cultural practice in the world of biblical writers. It is circumscribed by cultic considerations in passages such as Deut 26:14, but there are no texts that prohibit the placing of food inside tombs. Thus, the biblical writers tacitly acknowledged the practice, though feeding the dead is never explicitly prescribed in the Hebrew Bible. Conversely, mortuary remains from Judah indicate that it was common during the Iron Age II–III, continuing into the Second Temple Period. Yet the evidence is incomplete. There are few inscriptional or iconographic sources that shed light on the association of food and the dead. The purpose of this paper is to reframe feeding the dead and reexamine it through the study of ritual. The practice involved placing food inside a space –the tomb– ritualized through binary oppositions such as living/dead and pure/impure. The latter dichotomy is instructive because biblical allusions to the practice are often found in the image of food made impure due to contact with the dead (see Hos 9:4). The impure food in these literary scenarios is an outcome of ritualization. Two Iron Age tombs from Beth-Shemesh will serve as case examples for how we might explore feeding the dead using the binary oppositions that are evoked in biblical concepts of ritual impurity, particularly those concerned with the treatment of the corpse. These archaeological case studies will, in turn, suggest new ways of looking at what feeding the dead meant in the Hebrew Bible.
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  • 5
    Article
    Article
    In:  AABNER - Advances in Ancient Biblical and Near Easter Research 1,1 (2021) 65-88
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2021
    Titel der Quelle: AABNER - Advances in Ancient Biblical and Near Easter Research
    Angaben zur Quelle: 1,1 (2021) 65-88
    Keywords: Bible. Criticism, interpretation, etc. ; Bible. Criticism, interpretation, etc. ; Birth in the Bible ; God Biblical teaching
    Abstract: In the Hebrew Bible, YHWH controls the womb. He opens and closes the womb, controls gestation, and birth, and in Pss 22:10–11 and 71:6 there are physical descriptions, however brief, of YHWH bringing forth from the womb. The image in the text is physical. In both psalms, YHWH lays hands on the infant and in Ps 22:10 sets the infant on its mother’s breast. The image is also conceptual. Being brought forth from the womb is a movement from darkness to light, from being enclosed to being exposed and vulnerable, from submerged in protective waters where YHWH’s presence is guaranteed to being thrust into a world in which the supplicant accuses YHWH of abandoning him (Ps 22:1–3) and pleads with YHWH not to cast him off in his old age (Ps 71:9). The womb is a space of surety, existing in the same space as absolute doubt. It is the possibility of life and death, hope and devastation, great fear and overwhelming joy. It is a simultaneous knowing and unknowing. With this diverse range of physical aspects and conceptual parameters, the opening of the womb is one of the most compelling images to communicate humanity’s relationship with YHWH.
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  • 6
    Article
    Article
    In:  AABNER - Advances in Ancient Biblical and Near Easter Research 1,3 (2021) 29-44
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2021
    Titel der Quelle: AABNER - Advances in Ancient Biblical and Near Easter Research
    Angaben zur Quelle: 1,3 (2021) 29-44
    Keywords: Bible. Criticism, interpretation, etc. ; Bible. Criticism, interpretation, etc. ; Creation Biblical teaching ; Human beings Biblical teaching ; Assyro-Babylonian literature Relation to the Bible
    Abstract: Ancient creation stories define humanity in relation to the gods. In the Atraḫasīs Epic, for example, humans were created as a labor force to relieve the lower casteof deities from their toil. In Gen 1–2 humanity was also created to serve God, but the commands to rule and subdue the earth, and to care and cultivate the garden of Eden, are framed by the preceding statement in Gen 1:26–27 that humanity was created in God’s image and likeness, that is, as his children. To appreciate Genesis’s claim, we must consider it in light of its ancient Near Eastern environment. For Gen 1–2 this includes a set of ritual texts from Mesopotamia, the “Washing and Opening of the Mouth,” which describe the process by which divine images, or statues of the gods, were created. Genesis 2 seems to draw from these rituals, or at least the ideas they represent, in order to elaborate on the meaning of בצלם אלהים in Gen 1:26–28. If our aim is to understand how Genesis 1–2 redefines human identity and purpose, we must consider the prevailing views on human creation and the birth of the gods (in their statues) with which it interacted.
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  • 7
    Article
    Article
    In:  AABNER - Advances in Ancient Biblical and Near Easter Research 1,3 (2021) 143-190
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2021
    Titel der Quelle: AABNER - Advances in Ancient Biblical and Near Easter Research
    Angaben zur Quelle: 1,3 (2021) 143-190
    Keywords: Bible Antiquities ; Iron age ; Pilgrims and pilgrimages ; Dan (Extinct city) (Israel) Antiquities
    Abstract: Pilgrimage—a journey to a shrine or other sacred place undertaken to gain divine aid, as an act of thanksgiving or penance, or to demonstrate devotion within a particular religious system—has been the subject of archaeological investigation in recent years. The site of Tel Dan (Tell el-Qadi), Israel, provides a unique opportunity to explore pilgrimage because its remains have been exposed over a wide expanse and it has produced a great deal of archaeological data. Dan is also remembered in the Hebrew Bible as an Israelite pilgrimage destination. In this paper, we attempt to recreate the experience of a pilgrim moving through the stations of the pilgrimage itinerary of Holy Dan. We end by providing a synthetic analysis of pilgrimage at the site invoking biblical, archaeological, iconographic, and ancient Near Eastern textual data, viewed through a phenomenological lens.
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  • 8
    Article
    Article
    In:  AABNER - Advances in Ancient Biblical and Near Easter Research 1,2 (2021) 81-108
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2021
    Titel der Quelle: AABNER - Advances in Ancient Biblical and Near Easter Research
    Angaben zur Quelle: 1,2 (2021) 81-108
    Keywords: Baruch (Apocryphal book) Criticism, interpretation, etc. ; Bible Criticism, interpretation, etc. ; Giants in the Bible ; Giants in post-biblical literature ; Wisdom in post-biblical literature
    Abstract: Bar 3:24-28 correlates in a most creative way the downfall of the giants with the wisdom thematic: the giants perished because they were refused the gift of divine wisdom. Their depiction echoes both the offspring of the “sons of God” in Gen 6 and the mighty Canaanites, to indicate two erroneous paths towards wisdom. The thorough rewriting of Gen 6 is especially interesting: contrary to the Genesis account, the birth of the giants is located in the “house of God”, a place that seems to outreach human understanding. The purpose of the author may be to distance himself from texts that describe the mysteries of the universe, such as the Book of Watchers. On the other hand, the military competence of the giants associates them with the nations and therefore excludes them from election. Since the text was presumably written in the Hellenistic era, it is not unlikely that this gentile wisdom might be identified with Greek culture. In opposition to these countermodels, the true wisdom, also outlined in the rest of the section, is a divine gift to the whole people of Israel.
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  • 9
    Article
    Article
    In:  AABNER - Advances in Ancient Biblical and Near Easter Research 1,3 (2021) 45-80
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2021
    Titel der Quelle: AABNER - Advances in Ancient Biblical and Near Easter Research
    Angaben zur Quelle: 1,3 (2021) 45-80
    Keywords: Bible. Comparative studies ; Future life Assyro-Babylonian religion ; Kings and rulers Religious aspects ; Assyro-Babylonian religion
    Abstract: Long before Israel and Judah emerged, and throughout the period of their existence, kings in the Levant imagined an afterlife in which they would live forever, rising at regular intervals from peaceful repose to dine and drink in the presence of their divine lords. In time, the authors of the Hebrew Bible rejected those beliefs, but the Bible we read today reflects both the rejection and the earlier religious ideas that were finally excluded. This paper argues that it is possible to excavate from the Psalter fragments of a liturgy for the royal mortuary cult of the Davidic kings.
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  • 10
    Article
    Article
    In:  AABNER - Advances in Ancient Biblical and Near Easter Research 1,3 (2021) 13-27
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2021
    Titel der Quelle: AABNER - Advances in Ancient Biblical and Near Easter Research
    Angaben zur Quelle: 1,3 (2021) 13-27
    Keywords: Bible Comparative studies ; Vestments in the Bible ; Priests, Jewish Biblical teaching ; Ritual
    Abstract: Dress and the act of dressing-up find expression in earliest antiquity in both simple and complex forms. In ritual contexts dress is best labeled as costume, which informs roles played within the ritual. The study here is interested in ritual texts of the ancient Near East and examines the costume of the sm priest in the Egyptian wpt r ritual and the rituals related to the costume of the biblical priesthood, namely those in Exod 28–29, 40, Lev 6, 8, 16, and Ezek 42 and 44. Both Egyptian and biblical rituals demonstrate necessary costuming for the efficacy of ritual participation. The costume symbolically and temporarily transformed the wearer for the purpose of playing a role. The wearers, then, embodied an identity other than their own, believing themselves capable of playing the roles necessary for the ritual. For the sm priest in the Egyptian wpt r ritual, the ba transformed the sm to ba, such that the sm then embodied a physical strength beyond his own and the divine roles of the gods Horus and Thoth. For the biblical priests, their costumes, which were crafted of the same materials as the house for the presence of the Israelite deity Yahweh and labeled “holy to Yahweh,” קדש ליהוה, were the conduit by which they were transformed and embodied the divine.
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