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  • 1
    Article
    Article
    Introduction to Israeli politics and society. (2021)
    In:  The Oxford Handbook of Israeli Politics and Society (2021) 1-15
    Details
    ISBN: 9780190675585
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2021
    Titel der Quelle: The Oxford Handbook of Israeli Politics and Society
    Angaben zur Quelle: (2021) 1-15
    Keywords: Israel Politics and government ; Israel Social conditions ; Israel Social life and customs
    Abstract: Few countries receive as much attention as Israel and are at the same time as misunderstood. The Oxford Handbook of Israeli Politics and Society brings together the leading Israeli and international figures in order to offer the most wide-ranging treatment available of an intriguing country. This chapter tackles the issue of Israeli exceptionalism, arguing against those who shy away from assessing Israel in a comparative perspective—whether for reasons of complexity or because of a political agenda. Israel is indeed different, for many reasons, but it possesses enough similarities in its democratic political institutions and social makeup that to truly understand the country, scholars need to employ a comparative analytical perspective. The chapter argues that Israeli politics and society are comparable, that comparison will improve the ability to assess Israel, and that Israel can contribute to theory building and testing in comparative politics. The chapter then outlines the sections and summarizes the main features of each chapter in this handbook.
    DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190675585.013.1
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  • 2
    Article
    Article
    Political history of Israel. (2021)
    In:  The Oxford Handbook of Israeli Politics and Society (2021) 73-88
    Details
    ISBN: 9780190675585
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2021
    Titel der Quelle: The Oxford Handbook of Israeli Politics and Society
    Angaben zur Quelle: (2021) 73-88
    Keywords: Socialism History ; Right and left (Political science) History ; Israel Politics and government 20th century
    Abstract: This chapter discusses the internal political development of the Jewish community in Palestine and, after 1948, of the State of Israel. The rise of popular politics in the early 1930s culminated in the hegemony of the Left, which was the predominant power in Israeli politics from 1933 until 1977. The predominant leader was David Ben Gurion, who retired in 1963. The Left was mostly pragmatic, with a social democratic agenda that emphasized the role of the state in the economy and culture, promoting a narrative that glorified the predominance of the Left in nation- and state-building. In 1977 there was a change of direction: the right-wing opposition won the elections. The government now moved toward a free enterprise economy and a new narrative, which emphasized the question of Greater Israel as the focal point of government and state interest. The clash between Left and Right in Israel was no longer centered on questions of economy and society but rather on external policy. Growing polarization between Left and Right, Ashkenazi Jews and Mizrahim (Middle Eastern Jews), Orthodox and secular, and Israeli Arabs and Israeli Jews has typified Israel politics in the last two decades.
    DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190675585.013.5_update_001
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  • 3
    Article
    Article
    Democracy in Israel. (2021)
    In:  The Oxford Handbook of Israeli Politics and Society (2021) 89-105
    Details
    ISBN: 9780190675585
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2021
    Titel der Quelle: The Oxford Handbook of Israeli Politics and Society
    Angaben zur Quelle: (2021) 89-105
    Keywords: Democracy Evaluation ; Judaism and state History 20th century ; Arab-Israeli conflict ; Israel Politics and government
    Abstract: Can Israel be both Jewish and democratic? If Jewishness is seen properly as ethnicity, Israeli democracy should be judged by the same standards as other nation-states. The Jewish community in Palestine, and later Israel, faced serious objective difficulties in democratization but drew on a traditional Jewish politics that emphasized voluntary consent and inclusion. Standard rankings of states on a democracy scale have consistently classified Israel as a democracy, if sometimes a flawed one. The relative weaknesses of this democracy, in both external and internal analysis, appear in freedom of expression, freedom of association, equality before the law, and judicial constraints on the executive. In practice, most of these problem areas are related to the Arab–Israeli conflict and the status of Israel’s Arab citizens.
    DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190675585.013.6_update_001
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  • 4
    Article
    Article
    The electoral system of Israel. (2021)
    In:  The Oxford Handbook of Israeli Politics and Society (2021) 331-349
    Details
    ISBN: 9780190675585
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2021
    Titel der Quelle: The Oxford Handbook of Israeli Politics and Society
    Angaben zur Quelle: (2021) 331-349
    Keywords: Israel. Elections ; Political parties ; Israel Politics and government
    Abstract: The electoral system of Israel is an “extreme” example of proportional representation because of its use of a single nationwide district. This feature has been a constant since 1949, while secondary features, such as legal thresholds and the proportional seat-allocation formula, have changed and had an impact on degrees of proportionality. The party system is highly fragmented, as expected in extreme proportional systems. By applying the Seat Product Model to indices of election outcomes, it is possible to determine whether Israel’s system is more or less fragmented and proportional than expected for its institutional design. This chapter reports that the long-term average outputs are about as expected, but they have fluctuated over time. Some of these fluctuations reflect changes in the secondary features of the system, while others are the results of political factors independent of the institutions.
    DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190675585.013.20_update_001
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  • 5
    Article
    Article
    Parties and the party system of Israel. (2021)
    In:  The Oxford Handbook of Israeli Politics and Society (2021) 351-366
    Details
    ISBN: 9780190675585
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2021
    Titel der Quelle: The Oxford Handbook of Israeli Politics and Society
    Angaben zur Quelle: (2021) 351-366
    Keywords: Israel. Elections ; Political parties ; Right and left (Political science) ; Israel Politics and government
    Abstract: Both the parties and the party system of Israel have undergone significant changes during the last seventy years. This chapter begins by delineating the transformation of the political parties in Israel, from classic mass parties to a plethora of types that coexist somewhat uneasily, and from parties focused on domestic socioeconomic issues to ones dominated by foreign policy and security concerns. It then shifts to its main focus, assessing the changes in the party system. The chapter argues two points: first, that while the Israeli parties were extremely volatile, the party blocs were surprisingly stable; and second, that while the Israeli party system exhibited two very stable periods during the first fifty years—albeit with a short, transformative interim phase—during the last twenty-five years it has exhibited accelerated change and instability.
    DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190675585.013.21_update_001
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  • 6
    Article
    Article
    Bureaucratic politics in Israel. (2021)
    In:  The Oxford Handbook of Israeli Politics and Society (2021) 367-381
    Details
    ISBN: 9780190675585
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2021
    Titel der Quelle: The Oxford Handbook of Israeli Politics and Society
    Angaben zur Quelle: (2021) 367-381
    Keywords: Executive departments Case studies ; Cabinet officers ; Israel Politics and government ; Decision making ; Israel Economic aspects
    Abstract: Studies of the Israeli public sector point to the vast influence of the Ministry of Finance (MOF) across multiple policy domains. This chapter combines bureaucratic politics research and the notion of veto players to theorize a two-tiered power game between bureaucratic and political players. It argues that the policy influence of bureaucracies is shaped by stable institutional factors and by the extent to which powerful politicians are inclined to intervene. In Israel, legal provisions vest the MOF with an institutional advantage over other bureaus and their ministers. Yet the MOF’s ability to exploit its advantaged position is contingent upon the joint propensity of the prime minister (PM) and the finance minister (FM) to forgo intervention. The chapter associates the PM’s and FM’s inclination to support the MOF with their political motivation to maintain their grip on the agenda of an increasingly fragmented coalition government. Thus, the MOF’s supremacy is reliant upon, and underpins, political power.
    DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190675585.013.22
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  • 7
    Article
    Article
    Israel and the Palestinians. (2021)
    In:  The Oxford Handbook of Israeli Politics and Society (2021) 451-468
    Details
    ISBN: 9780190675585
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2021
    Titel der Quelle: The Oxford Handbook of Israeli Politics and Society
    Angaben zur Quelle: (2021) 451-468
    Keywords: Arab-Israeli conflict History ; Arab-Israeli conflict Peace
    Abstract: Israel’s theory and practice in the conflict with the Palestinians since the beginning of the Zionist enterprise reveals continued striving for secure and exclusive Jewish national territorial sovereignty over historic Palestine while disregarding Palestinians’ collective political rights and claims to the same territory. Nonetheless, changing regional and international constraints brought Israeli decision makers to shift their strategies in coping with the Palestinian political/military challenges to the country’s security and international legitimacy. This chapter analyzes Israel’s shifting policies toward the Palestinians, from long-term denial and military responses to negotiated agreements and tense coexistence with a self-governing Palestinian authority in the West Bank and Gaza Strip since the 1993 Oslo Accords. Since that period, however, the collapse of the Oslo process in the year 2000 and consequent Palestinian uprising, the increased role of religion in the conflict on both the Israeli and Palestinian sides, Israel’s insistence on continuing its overall domination of the Palestinian territories, and the stalemated diplomatic process all underline the narrowing options for bringing this conflict to any peaceful end.
    DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190675585.013.27_update_001
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  • 8
    Article
    Article
    Political culture and Israeli politics. (2021)
    In:  The Oxford Handbook of Israeli Politics and Society (2021) 597-615
    Details
    ISBN: 9780190675585
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2021
    Titel der Quelle: The Oxford Handbook of Israeli Politics and Society
    Angaben zur Quelle: (2021) 597-615
    Keywords: Political culture History ; Democracy Evaluation ; Israel Politics and government
    Abstract: This chapter provides a broad overview of the political culture in Israel. It begins by discussing whether a single Israeli political culture can indeed be identified. It then surveys the principal factors that shape political culture and the key changes from the early days of nation-building attempts to Israel’s current, more multicultural character. Making use of a cultural-value map, the chapter then addresses the question of whether Israel’s political culture is indeed “Western” and compares the principal Israeli political orientations with those of other societies. Finally, it analyzes aspects of system support and democratic norms via the use of national and cross-national survey data. The analysis presented concludes that Israeli political culture is dominated by countervailing forces that create a combination of assertive and allegiant forms of citizenship.
    DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190675585.013.36_update_001
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  • 9
    Article
    Article
    State and society building in early Israel. (2021)
    In:  The Oxford Handbook of Israeli Politics and Society (2021) 59-72
    Details
    ISBN: 9780190675585
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2021
    Titel der Quelle: The Oxford Handbook of Israeli Politics and Society
    Angaben zur Quelle: (2021) 59-72
    Keywords: Law History 20th century ; Law Decision making ; Israel and the diaspora 20th century ; Israel Politics and government 1948-1956
    Abstract: This chapter portrays the political and legal regime of Israel in its early years as the product of three factors: the conscious political effort of the Zionist movement; a nation-building process, which was a vast cultural endeavour aimed at constructing a new sovereign Jew; and decolonization in a territory where the British legacy still had significant political and legal influence. The chapter argues that notwithstanding its dependence on great powers and the Jewish Diaspora, and despite its weakness on the international stage, Israel displayed a not insignificant measure of political independence. On the level of intra-Jewish consciousness, the achievement was even greater. Diaspora Jews saw the establishment of the state as a transformative moment in Jewish history; its Jewish citizens felt that they were achieving political liberty.
    DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190675585.013.4
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  • 10
    Article
    Article
    Israel’s wars. (2021)
    In:  The Oxford Handbook of Israeli Politics and Society (2021) 107-120
    Details
    ISBN: 9780190675585
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2021
    Titel der Quelle: The Oxford Handbook of Israeli Politics and Society
    Angaben zur Quelle: (2021) 107-120
    Keywords: Israel. History ; Israel. Drill and tactics ; Low-intensity conflicts (Military science) ; Arab-Israeli conflict ; Israel History, Military
    Abstract: The history of Israel is framed by wars. However, the nature of Israel’s wars has changed over time, from mainly infantry-based warfare to modern armor warfare, and from conventional warfare to regular armies clashing with nonstate combatants, known in the professional literature as low intensity conflict (LIC). Conventional warfare took place within a clear and well-defined territory, with relative separation between civilians and soldiers. Low intensity conflict has blurred the battlefield boundaries, and armed operations take place in civilian areas. With these changes, the meaning of victory has changed as well. The decisive military victory that marked the military campaigns of 1948, 1956, 1967, and 1973 is no longer relevant in the LIC battlefield. Conquest of territory and destruction of the enemy’s military forces, the hallmark of victory during the days of the conventional wars, are much less important in a mode of fighting in which the image of being able to continue to inflict damage is much more important.
    DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190675585.013.7
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