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  • Violence in the Bible  (15)
  • Bible Language, style  (1)
  • Bible. In motion pictures  (1)
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  • 1
    Article
    Article
    Religious violence and the Hebrew Bible. (2020)
    In:  Violence in the Hebrew Bible; Between Text and Reception (2020) 13-22
    Details
    ISBN: 9789004434677
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2020
    Titel der Quelle: Violence in the Hebrew Bible; Between Text and Reception
    Angaben zur Quelle: (2020) 13-22
    Keywords: Violence in the Bible ; Violence Religious aspects
    DOI: 10.1163/9789004434684_003
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  • 2
    Article
    Article
    Violence in the flood narrative : text and reception. (2020)
    In:  Violence in the Hebrew Bible; Between Text and Reception (2020) 67-96
    Details
    ISBN: 9789004434677
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2020
    Titel der Quelle: Violence in the Hebrew Bible; Between Text and Reception
    Angaben zur Quelle: (2020) 67-96
    Keywords: Bible. Criticism, interpretation, etc. ; Bible. Comparative studies ; Bible. In motion pictures ; Bible. Appreciation ; Violence in the Bible ; Deluge ; Deluge in post-biblical literature
    Abstract: The story of the elimination of humankind in the great deluge (Genesis 6–9) is one of the most violent narratives in the Hebrew Bible. It not only has a rich history of reception, but also a kind of prequel in the Mesopotamian flood traditions. This contribution focuses on the nature of violence in these traditions and in the biblical Flood Narrative itself, also against the background of its dialogue with Mesopotamian worldviews and its reception in 1 Enoch and Jubilees, as well as in the film Noah (2014). Despite the fact that all of these stories are more or less intertextually related and take a primeval cosmic imbalance as their point of departure, their different descriptions of the incentive for the divine violence in the deluge turns out to be of major importance for their views of the nature of this violence and the relations between the divine and human realms. In addition, the reception history of the biblical text shows that serious interactions with the biblical text itself evoke the question of the nature of the relation between these readings and their biblical source.
    DOI: 10.1163/9789004434684_006
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  • 3
    Article
    Article
    Narratives of violence in Numbers 25 : between text and reception. (2020)
    In:  Violence in the Hebrew Bible; Between Text and Reception (2020) 128-140
    Details
    ISBN: 9789004434677
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2020
    Titel der Quelle: Violence in the Hebrew Bible; Between Text and Reception
    Angaben zur Quelle: (2020) 128-140
    Keywords: Bible. Criticism, interpretation, etc. ; Violence in the Bible
    Abstract: According to many scholars, the narratives of violence in the Hebrew Bible conflict with the gospel of grace, love, peace, and forgiveness found in the New Testament. While some try to justify these violent texts, others simply write them off as obsolete. This chapter, however, underlines the complex literary and canonical context in which violent passages appear, as well as the incongruity between ancient Israelite culture and the cultures of readers today. Is it possible for a modern reader to interpret narratives of violence, such as the injunction in Numbers 25:17 (“Treat the Midianites as enemies and kill them”), without giving credence to imperialism, holy war, nepotism, or genocide? This chapter argues that the complexity of the material with regard to violence in Numbers 25 can affirm that it opposes violence and views peace as the ultimate goal instead.
    DOI: 10.1163/9789004434684_008
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  • 4
    Article
    Article
    The ubiquitous language of violence in the Hebrew Bible. (2020)
    In:  Violence in the Hebrew Bible; Between Text and Reception (2020) 23-41
    Details
    ISBN: 9789004434677
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2020
    Titel der Quelle: Violence in the Hebrew Bible; Between Text and Reception
    Angaben zur Quelle: (2020) 23-41
    Keywords: Bible Language, style ; Violence in the Bible ; Hebrew language, Biblical Terms and phrases
    Abstract: This chapter aims to identify and categorise terms for violence in Hebrew, as a foundation for further study of the use of violence in the Hebrew Bible. It understands violence as the deliberate use of physical force against another, and especially against the body of another. It surveys terms for actions and puts them in several categories, such as to 1) destroy, oppress, show violence; 2) kill, slaughter; 3) strike; 4) break, break bones, break the neck; 5) crush; 6) pierce, thrust through, wound; 7) cut, cut off, cut into pieces; and 8) seize, bind. This categorisation does not include the words war, warrior, fight, burn, capture, or circumcise, nor does it include other terms for hostility that do not necessarily include violence, such as reject, despise, mock, curse, hate, abhor, and loathe. The preliminary list of terms for violence contains 235 items, which occur in the Hebrew Bible a total of 5,400 times (constituting 1.8% of the Hebrew Bible). The chapter analyses how many of these terms and occurrences relate to violence against persons and draws some preliminary conclusions based on this analysis.
    DOI: 10.1163/9789004434684_004
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  • 5
    Article
    Article
    The Canaanites in Deuteronomy 7 and the Book of "Jubilees". (2020)
    In:  Violence in the Hebrew Bible; Between Text and Reception (2020) 141-158
    Details
    ISBN: 9789004434677
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2020
    Titel der Quelle: Violence in the Hebrew Bible; Between Text and Reception
    Angaben zur Quelle: (2020) 141-158
    Keywords: Bible. Criticism, interpretation, etc. ; Bible Influence ; Western civilization ; Book of Jubilees Criticism, interpretation, etc. ; Canaanites ; Violence in the Bible
    Abstract: Deuteronomy’s description of the use of violence in the extermination of the people of the land in relation to the election of Israel has had important influence on Jewish and Christian literature. This chapter particularly focuses on its impact on the book of Jubilees, but some later reflections will also be discussed. In the book of Jubilees, the impact of Deuteronomy 7 and related texts is especially visible in Abraham’s farewell speeches. Several stipulations are very similar – for example, the destruction of places with foreign cults, the danger of participating in foreign sacrificial meals, the prohibition against mixed marriages, and the prohibition against making treaties. In Jubilees, these aspects are strongly related to the issue of purity and Gentile impurities, aspects that are not elaborated upon in Deuteronomy 7. Some later reflections on the reading of Deuteronomy 7 within Judaism and Christianity are also included. These indicate various strategies for dealing with the problems concerning the command to annihilate the Canaanites. Violent texts in the Old Testament were ignored, rejected, or interpreted figuratively. Sometimes, however, they inspired and shaped wars and violent behaviour in the real world – or helped to justify such acts.
    DOI: 10.1163/9789004434684_009
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  • 6
    Article
    Article
    Violence in the Book of Joshua. (2020)
    In:  Violence in the Hebrew Bible; Between Text and Reception (2020) 161-176
    Details
    ISBN: 9789004434677
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2020
    Titel der Quelle: Violence in the Hebrew Bible; Between Text and Reception
    Angaben zur Quelle: (2020) 161-176
    Keywords: Rahab ; Bible. Criticism, interpretation, etc. ; Bible. Criticism, interpretation, etc. ; Violence in the Bible ; Wit and humor in the Bible ; Gibeonites
    Abstract: There is a lot of violence in the book of Joshua. However, this does not seem to pose a problem for its authors and editors. The book is about God’s gift of the land to the people of Israel, and violence “simply happens.” However, according to Joshua 2 and 9, not all the inhabitants of the land are destroyed, as the laws in Deuteronomy demand. Both narratives are full of irony. In chapter 2, Rahab, the prostitute, provokes an oath from the spies (or her clients) that the Israelites will spare Rahab and her family. The text is full of ironic wordings and settings. In chapter 9, the Gibeonites deceive the Israelites by claiming to come from a far country. The setting is grotesque, and one gets the impression that the Israelites wanted nothing more than to believe the Gibeonites in order to spare them. Both Rahab and the Gibeonites know the Deuteronomistic law very well; indeed, it seems as if they know these laws better than the Israelites. Joshua 2 and Joshua 9 prove that some authors and editors seem to have had problems with the Torah’s harsh prescriptions regarding ban and warfare. However, as the Torah already had an authoritative status, they commented upon or even criticised these prescriptions implicitly and by way of irony.
    DOI: 10.1163/9789004434684_010
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  • 7
    Article
    Article
    Violence with humour : is this possible in the Hebrew Bible?. (2020)
    In:  Violence in the Hebrew Bible; Between Text and Reception (2020) 42-63
    Details
    ISBN: 9789004434677
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2020
    Titel der Quelle: Violence in the Hebrew Bible; Between Text and Reception
    Angaben zur Quelle: (2020) 42-63
    Keywords: Bible Criticism, interpretation, etc. ; Wit and humor in the Bible ; Violence in the Bible
    Abstract: Instances of humour alongside violence occur infrequently in the Hebrew Bible, the humour being always wry or black. Sometimes, the humour lies in the story itself, or becomes evident only when an intertext is juxtaposed, or apparent when the discerning reader recognises exactly what the author is doing in the telling of the story. Reception history has made plain that different readers “hear” different things in biblical stories, and visualising the stories in the mind’s eye allows one to note the reactions of all the characters in the story and the humour in them. Bathos happens in Jacob’s fight at the Jabbok, for Jacob “pays” for his blessing with a limp. It also occurs in the several discomfitures of Jonah. Black humour occurs in the niggling back-and-forth argument between Abraham and God over the fate of Sodom and Gomorrah and in the sly depths of Dinah’s brothers’ plan to despoil the Shechemites. The interplay of intertexts also provides black humour: the golden calf becomes human excrement, whereas Jezebel becomes the canine equivalent. More humorously, though, Ezra tears his own hair over the practice of inter-ethnic marriage, while Nehemiah attacks the parents of the participants. This chapter explores the purpose behind this conjunction of humour and violence.
    DOI: 10.1163/9789004434684_005
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  • 8
    Article
    Article
    Benjamin's brides : different forms of violence in Judges 21. (2020)
    In:  Violence in the Hebrew Bible; Between Text and Reception (2020) 214-228
    Details
    ISBN: 9789004434677
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2020
    Titel der Quelle: Violence in the Hebrew Bible; Between Text and Reception
    Angaben zur Quelle: (2020) 214-228
    Keywords: Bible. Criticism, interpretation, etc. ; Violence in the Bible ; Benjamin (Tribe of Israel) ; Kings and rulers Biblical teaching
    Abstract: The story in Judges 21 about how the tribe of Benjamin was saved from extinction by providing the men with the women necessary for procreation evokes different reactions. Is it horror or humour? After a short survey of the history of the interpretation of this passage, the following study intends to show that within its present context, the horrific aspect takes precedence over the originally more humorous character of the second part of the story. This argument will be based on an analysis of the chapter’s place within the structure of the book of Judges and the way in which older traditions have been incorporated.
    DOI: 10.1163/9789004434684_013
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  • 9
    Article
    Article
    Scheming violence in the Psalms. (2020)
    In:  Violence in the Hebrew Bible; Between Text and Reception (2020) 361-372
    Details
    ISBN: 9789004434677
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2020
    Titel der Quelle: Violence in the Hebrew Bible; Between Text and Reception
    Angaben zur Quelle: (2020) 361-372
    Keywords: Bible. Criticism, interpretation, etc. ; Violence in the Bible
    Abstract: This chapter explores a relatively unexplored indigenous critique of violence in the Hebrew Bible. For many biblical psalmists, violence was deceitful and verbalised in hidden places. First, the psalmist drew direct connections between scheming in private and violence experienced by the psalmist. This tendency raises the question of why the psalmist draws such frequent attention to the enemy’s verbal assaults. One possibility is that by calling attention to their speech, the psalmist “outs them” to God, who hears and responds. Thus their words become their downfall. This leads to a second point: that the category of “violence” included the physical act and the verbal scheme. It was in the secretive plotting council that the enemy gained the upper hand over the psalmist’s life. As a weaker party, the psalmist sought divine refuge from the enemy’s words. Third, this chapter raises questions about how we might best describe the psalmist’s perspective on scheming. Scheming certainly preceded the experience of direct bodily attack, and thus petitioners were anxious for God to prevent schemed attacks. Nevertheless, schemes were also considered to cause significant and widespread terror and harm. Violence itself was a circle wide enough to include scheming – an act that became linked to the experience of terror and actual harm. It thus warranted divine retribution and could be turned back on the schemer himself.
    DOI: 10.1163/9789004434684_019
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  • 10
    Article
    Article
    Esther 9 through the lens of diaspora : the exegetical and ethical dilemmas of the massacres in Susa and beyond. (2020)
    In:  Violence in the Hebrew Bible; Between Text and Reception (2020) 397-414
    Details
    ISBN: 9789004434677
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2020
    Titel der Quelle: Violence in the Hebrew Bible; Between Text and Reception
    Angaben zur Quelle: (2020) 397-414
    Keywords: Bible. Criticism, interpretation, etc. ; Massacres Moral and ethical aspects ; Violence in the Bible ; Jewish diaspora
    Abstract: This chapter’s primary hypothesis is that an awareness of the diaspora provenance of Esther can aid in reading the violence in Esther 9, which is so different from the rest of the book, the narrative of which seems to have been adequately resolved by the end of Esther 8. It is perhaps not surprising that some scholars have suggested we should disregard Esther 9 as a late addition. Until recently, the fact that the story of Esther is set in the eastern diaspora has not featured significantly in the book’s interpretation, which has tended to focus very much on the link with Purim. Interest in the concept of diaspora in both popular and academic discourses has risen sharply in recent years, providing Esther studies with a valuable new interpretive lens. In this chapter, the author’s thesis is that, in the light of comparative modern studies, situations of diaspora are generally characterised by extreme forms of violence. By applying such a perspective, the author aims to investigate how the incidence of violence in diaspora situations (or its imagination, at the very least) can shed light on the extreme violence recounted in Esther 9.
    DOI: 10.1163/9789004434684_021
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