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  • 1
    Article
    Article
    Orgueil et préjugés : la diplomatie belge face aux Juifs et aux antisémites (1918-1940). (2022)
    In:  Les Cahiers de la Mémoire Contemporaine 16 (2022-2023) 75-117
    Details
    ISSN: 0084-3296
    Language: French
    Year of publication: 2022
    Titel der Quelle: Les Cahiers de la Mémoire Contemporaine
    Angaben zur Quelle: 16 (2022-2023) 75-117
    Keywords: Jews History 20th century ; Jews Government policy ; Antisemitism History 20th century ; Belgium Politics and government 1914-1951
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  • 2
    Article
    Article
    Why did Heydrich write the "Schnellbrief"? : A remark on the reason and on its significance. (2004)
    In:  Yad Vashem Studies 32 (2004) 433-447
    Details
    ISSN: 0084-3296
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2004
    Titel der Quelle: Yad Vashem Studies
    Angaben zur Quelle: 32 (2004) 433-447
    Keywords: Heydrich, Reinhard, ; Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) ; Jewish councils ; Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) ; Antisemitism History 20th century
    Abstract: Discusses a lengthy express letter sent by Heydrich to Einsatzgruppen commanders on 21 September 1939, which has become an important document for the study of Nazi wartime policy. Heydrich used the word "Endziel" (final goal) and mentioned, inter alia, the proposed concentration of Jews at central localities near railway stations and the establishment of Judenräte. Points out that some Judenräte were already appointed on 6 September, which shows that the anti-Jewish policy for Poland was planned even before the invasion. Notes that the letter was sent after Heydrich's meeting with Einsatzgruppen, SS, and SD commanders, so they already knew its contents. Contends that it was written even before the meeting, and that it was actually aimed at the heads of various ministries, to whom it was also sent, to let them know that Heydrich and the above-mentioned groups were in charge of anti-Jewish policy.
    Note: See also in Hebrew.
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  • 3
    Article
    Article
    The Catholic elites in Brazil and their attitude toward the Jews, 1933-1939. (2002)
    In:  Yad Vashem Studies 30 (2002) 229-270
    Details
    ISSN: 0084-3296
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2002
    Titel der Quelle: Yad Vashem Studies
    Angaben zur Quelle: 30 (2002) 229-270
    Keywords: Catholic Church History 20th century ; Catholic press ; Antisemitism in the press ; Antisemitism History 1933-1939 ; Antisemitism History 20th century ; Christianity and antisemitism History 20th century ; Jews History 20th century ; Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) Influence
    Abstract: Discusses stances toward Jews and antisemitism of several influential institutions and individuals who represented the Catholic Church in Brazil and acted at its initiative or with its approval. The Archbishop of Porto Alegre, João Becker, considered the "Jewish problem" a real one, but deplored racism and Nazi antisemitism and called for defense of the Jews. The Franciscan journal "Vozes de Petrópolis" became a forum for many antisemitic writers who regarded Catholicism as inseparable from Brazilianism, and thus the Jews were a threat to the nation. Some clergymen involved with the journal believed in a world Jewish conspiracy, identified communism with Judaism, and supported immigration restrictions against Jews. The Catholic Dom Vital Center and its journal "A Ordem" combined traditional and modern forms of antisemitism. Anti-Zionism also played a part in the attitudes of the Catholic elites in Brazil. Concludes that Catholic antisemitism in Brazil was not influenced by Nazi racism; the Church elites perceived the "Jewish problem" as one of religion, not of race.
    Note: Appeared in Portuguese as "As elites católicas do Brasil e sua atitude em relação aos judeus (1933-1939)" in "O anti-semitismo nas Américas" (2007) 209-241. , In Hebrew: , "יד ושם; קובץ מחקרים" ל (תשסב) 187-219
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  • 4
    Article
    Article
    The beginnings of anti-semitism in independent Lithuania. (1958)
    In:  Yad Vashem Studies 2 (1958) 7-48
    Details
    ISSN: 0084-3296
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 1958
    Titel der Quelle: Yad Vashem Studies
    Angaben zur Quelle: 2 (1958) 7-48
    Keywords: Jews Social conditions 20th century ; Jews History 20th century ; Antisemitism History 20th century
    Note: In English and Hebrew.
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  • 5
    Article
    Article
    L'affaire Norden : le "judéo-boche" dans la presse belge (1914-1918). (2016)
    In:  Les Cahiers de la Mémoire Contemporaine 12 (2016) 223-256
    Details
    ISSN: 0084-3296
    Language: French
    Year of publication: 2016
    Titel der Quelle: Les Cahiers de la Mémoire Contemporaine
    Angaben zur Quelle: 12 (2016) 223-256
    Keywords: Jews Press coverage ; Antisemitism History 20th century ; Antisemitism in the press
    Abstract: Discusses anti-Jewish stereotypes in the Belgian press during World War I. Mentions an antisemitic article by Albert van de Kerckhove, which appeared in "Libre Belgique" in 1915, denouncing the Belgian German-born Jewish advocate Fritz Norden as "a Belgian Judas". The article was a response to a book by Norden, published the same year in defense of the German invasion of Belgium. Argues that negative portrayals of Jews in the Belgian press in 1914-18 presented the Jews either as war profiteers or go-betweens, members of a "fifth column". Anti-Jewish stereotypes were thus mainly used to ridicule and discredit the German enemy, not the Jews, who played a secondary role. The image of the Jew was used to justify the treason of certain Belgian civilians by identifying them as persons who are not "authentic Belgians", and to cleanse the honor of betrayed and occupied Belgium. Concerning the Norden affair, "Libre Belgique" remained almost the only newspaper to express antisemitic views. Concludes that although the Belgian press cannot be considered as having been antisemitic at the time, it promoted a nationalistic and xenophobic view of society and strengthened stereotypes which later led to antisemitic policies.
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  • 6
    Article
    Article
    Les milieux antisémites anversois : portraits de "chasseurs de Juifs" avant et durant la guerre. (2016)
    In:  Les Cahiers de la Mémoire Contemporaine 12 (2016) 13-61
    Details
    ISSN: 0084-3296
    Language: French
    Year of publication: 2016
    Titel der Quelle: Les Cahiers de la Mémoire Contemporaine
    Angaben zur Quelle: 12 (2016) 13-61
    Keywords: Antisemitism History 20th century ; Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) ; Antwerp (Belgium)
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  • 7
    Article
    Article
    The daily life of the village and country Jews in Hessen from Hitler's ascent to power to November 1938. (1992)
    In:  Yad Vashem Studies 22 (1992) 147-198
    Details
    ISSN: 0084-3296
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 1992
    Titel der Quelle: Yad Vashem Studies
    Angaben zur Quelle: 22 (1992) 147-198
    Keywords: Jews History 1933-1939 ; Antisemitism History 20th century ; Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) ; Hesse (Germany)
    Abstract: Discusses the situation of Hesse's Jews and their relations with their German neighbors before the Nazi ascent to power; these relations in the first years of the Nazi regime and in 1936-38; the attitudes of the general population, the local authorities, and the Churches, both Protestant and Catholic, to the Jews; and Jewish reactions to Nazism. Shows that while in 1933-35 the situation of the Jews depended on the locality, in 1936-38 it not only deteriorated, but became uniformly bad; that rural Jews suffered from official and popular antisemitism more than Jews in the large cities; and that emigration was more difficult for them. The main direction of migration for these Jews was to the cities. Surmises that the Nazis favored the concentration of the Jews in large cities.
    Note: In Hebrew: , "יד ושם; קובץ מחקרים" כב (תשנג) 117-156
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  • 8
    Article
    Article
    A German Evangelical minister's reminiscences of his youth in north Transylvania. (1981)
    In:  Yad Vashem Studies 14 (1981) 269-286
    Details
    ISSN: 0084-3296
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 1981
    Titel der Quelle: Yad Vashem Studies
    Angaben zur Quelle: 14 (1981) 269-286
    Keywords: Jews History 20th century ; Antisemitism History 20th century ; Christianity and antisemitism History 20th century ; Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) ; Transylvania (Romania)
    Abstract: Relates that in the village of Zepling (in Romanian, Dedrad), northern Transylvania, the Jewish tradesmen and local peasants were on good terms until 1943. In 1936 however, when Holzträger was nine years old, he was mistaken for a Jew and badly beaten by four local youths. His mother then taught him that the Jews were responsible for Christ’s crucifixion; by the age of 11 he was a virulent antisemite, as was most of the Christian population. At his gymnasium, the curriculum included racial antisemitism. The Evangelist Church supported the Nazi Party. In the media the Jews were portrayed as conspirators. In mid-1944 the Jews were deported to Auschwitz, where most of them were gassed. The non-Jewish population claimed that they did not know about the atrocities being carried out against the Jews. Holzträger refutes this, as he himself heard reports as early as 1942. Towards the end of the war, Holzträger grasped the evil of Nazism and fled with his family to upper Austria.
    Note: In Hebrew: , "יד ושם; קובץ מחקרים" יד (תשמב) 205-218 , Record created automatically from multi-article record # 000322863
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  • 9
    Article
    Article
    Waiting for Vichy : Europeans and Jews in North Africa on the eve of World War II. (1981)
    In:  Yad Vashem Studies 14 (1981) 139-166
    Details
    ISSN: 0084-3296
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 1981
    Titel der Quelle: Yad Vashem Studies
    Angaben zur Quelle: 14 (1981) 139-166
    Keywords: Jews History 1933-1945 ; Antisemitism History 20th century ; Christians ; Muslims Attitudes
    Abstract: Describes antisemitism in Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia in the 1930s, propagated by European residents in those countries, as well as the indigent Arabs. Many right-wing leaders embraced fascism. Economic boycott of Jews was a favorite weapon. There was collusion between the French extreme right, Arab nationalism, and German-Italian propaganda. Libya, however, enjoyed freedom from severe anti-Jewish legislation by Italy until 1940. North African Jews demonstrated great patriotism in 1940 when France decided to call up the army to fight against Germany. But as the French army stumbled to defeat, Muslim and European anti-Jewish agitation again surfaced. The Muslims welcomed the fall of France, perceiving it as a blow to its colonial aspirations. The Europeans welcomed Pétain’s agreement to an armistice with the Germans, and viewed the Jews as an anti-governmental force due to their non-support for Pétain and because they preferred to ally themselves with England.
    Note: In Hebrew: , "יד ושם; קובץ מחקרים" יד (תשמב) 131-158 , Record created automatically from multi-article record # 000322863
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  • 10
    Article
    Article
    Antonescu and the Jews. (1993)
    In:  Yad Vashem Studies 23 (1993) 213-280
    Details
    ISSN: 0084-3296
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 1993
    Titel der Quelle: Yad Vashem Studies
    Angaben zur Quelle: 23 (1993) 213-280
    Keywords: Antonescu, Ion, ; Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) ; Jews History 1933-1945 ; Antisemitism History 20th century
    Abstract: Based on documents from Romanian, German, and Russian archives, examines Ion Antonescu's policy toward the Jews during his military dictatorship (1940-44) and his responsibility for the mass deportations to Transnistria and the massacres of Jews in Bessarabia, Bukovina, and Odessa. Analyzes his nationalistic and antisemitic ideology, as well as his attitudes during the Bucharest pogrom (January 1941) and the Iași pogrom (June 1941). Discusses the circumstances of Antonescu's agreement and then refusal in 1942 to engage in the Nazi plan of total annihilation of Romanian Jewry. Concludes that Antonescu's regime was responsible for the death of at least 350,000 Jews, including 100,000 Ukrainian Jews.
    Note: Appeared also in "The Holocaust and History" (1998) 463-479. , In Hebrew: , "יד ושם; קובץ מחקרים" כג (תשנד) 151-197
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