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  • 1990-1994  (33)
  • Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945)  (30)
  • Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) Influence  (4)
  • Jewish ghettos  (2)
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  • 1
    Article
    Article
    Jewish units in the Soviet partisan movement - selected documents. (1993)
    In:  Yad Vashem Studies 23 (1993) 397-423
    Details
    ISSN: 0084-3296
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 1993
    Titel der Quelle: Yad Vashem Studies
    Angaben zur Quelle: 23 (1993) 397-423
    Keywords: Bielski, Tuvia ; Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) ; Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) ; World War, 1939-1945 Jewish resistance
    Abstract: Pp. 397-399 contain a preface discussing briefly two Jewish partisan units in Belarus which were combined with family camps - that of the Bielski brothers and that of Shalom Zorin. Pp. 400-411 contain a history of Bielski's unit, as recorded for the Soviet command by Tuvia Bielski in 1944. Pp. 412-418 contain a report on the activities of Zorin's unit, compiled for the same purpose in 1944 by the unit's commissar, Feigelman, as well as brief battle dispatches of this unit, sent to the secretary of the Ivenets party committee. Pp. 419-423 contain two letters, written in 1941 and 1944 by Isaac Bruk, a Jewish military pilot in the Soviet Air Force, who was captured by the Germans in 1941 and managed to survive.
    Note: See also in Hebrew.
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  • 2
    Article
    Article
    The rescue efforts of Bnei Akiva in Hungary during the Holocaust. (1993)
    In:  Yad Vashem Studies 23 (1993) 173-212
    Details
    ISSN: 0084-3296
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 1993
    Titel der Quelle: Yad Vashem Studies
    Angaben zur Quelle: 23 (1993) 173-212
    Keywords: Bnei Akiva ; Youth movements, Jewish ; Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) ; Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) Rescue ; Youth movements, Jewish ; Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945)
    Abstract: Bnei Akiva was the largest Zionist youth movement in Hungary; in 1939-43 it became stronger due to the influx of refugees from Poland and Slovakia. Nevertheless, it received limited assistance from the Yishuv delegation in Istanbul. The first task of Bnei Akiva was to receive refugees (provide them with forged papers, etc.). Despite the warnings of refugees regarding events in Poland and Slovakia, the Zionists, including Bnei Akiva, were not prepared when the Germans occupied Hungary in March 1944, and they had to reorganize their activities. The Bnei Akiva arranged for clandestine emigration to Romania and Slovakia, prepared shelters, distributed forged papers, money, and food among the ghettoized Jews of Budapest, and even undertook an armed attack on an SS patrol. The movement received assistance from the Swiss consulate in Budapest, which helped to save thousands of Jews. As a religious movement, Bnei Akiva had problems not shared by other youth movements.
    Note: See also in Hebrew. , Appeared also in "גנזי חיים" (תשפב) 17*-53*
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  • 3
    Article
    Article
    Jews in the resistance and partisan movements in the Soviet Ukraine. (1993)
    In:  Yad Vashem Studies 23 (1993) 155-170
    Details
    ISSN: 0084-3296
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 1993
    Titel der Quelle: Yad Vashem Studies
    Angaben zur Quelle: 23 (1993) 155-170
    Keywords: Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) ; Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) ; World War, 1939-1945 Jewish resistance
    Abstract: Describes the Soviet partisan movement in Ukraine and estimates Jewish participation in it. The first Jewish resistance groups in the Ukraine were not formed in the prewar Soviet regions (where a bulk of eligible, able-bodied Jews were either conscripted in the summer of 1941 or evacuated, while others were shot by the Nazis during the first weeks of the German occupation), but in the western, formerly Polish regions and in Transnistria. Later, these groups were included in mixed partisan divisions. A large number of the Jewish partisan fighters were former POWs who had escaped from POW camps. Jews held various positions in the partisan units in Ukraine, from rank-and-file to commanders. Discusses divergent statistics on the partisan movement in Ukraine, including estimates of the number of Jewish partisans.
    Note: Appeared in Russian as "Участие евреев в сопротивлении и партизанском движении на территории Советской Украины" in "Яд Вашем; исследования" 1 (2009) 155-170. , In Hebrew: , "יד ושם; קובץ מחקרים" כג (תשנד) 91-102; "הקונגרס העולמי למדעי היהדות" 11,ב, כרך 2 (תשנג) 305-309
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  • 4
    Article
    Article
    The Jews of France and the statutes on Jews, 1940-1941. (1992)
    In:  Yad Vashem Studies 22 (1992) 115-146
    Details
    ISSN: 0084-3296
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 1992
    Titel der Quelle: Yad Vashem Studies
    Angaben zur Quelle: 22 (1992) 115-146
    Keywords: Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) ; Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) ; Jews Legal status, laws, etc.
    Abstract: Analyzes the reactions of French Jewish communal leaders after the promulgation of the first statute on Jews (October 1940) by the Vichy government and the emergence of the antisemitic campaign in the press. The strategy of the Central Consistory was based on the conviction that the statute was imposed on the French authorities by the Germans. Asserts that the misconception was upheld in order to safeguard the idea of the integration of the Jews in French society. Jewish leaders maintained cordial personal relations with French officials. They sent frequent protests against discrimination while adopting a legalistic position of obedience and loyalty. Consistory authorities made great efforts to refute antisemitic allegations in the press and to amend the anti-Jewish legislation by emphasizing the wrong done to France by the terms of the statute. Notes that concern for legality and for adaptation to the new situation typified not only the Jewish leaders but a large proportion of Jewish public opinion in 1940-41.
    Note: See also in Hebrew.
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  • 5
    Article
    Article
    A contribution to the study of terror in the so-called independent state of Croatia : concentration camps for women in 1941-1942. (1990)
    In:  Yad Vashem Studies 20 (1990) 1-52
    Details
    ISSN: 0084-3296
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 1990
    Titel der Quelle: Yad Vashem Studies
    Angaben zur Quelle: 20 (1990) 1-52
    Keywords: Nazi concentration camps ; Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) ; Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) ; Jewish women in the Holocaust
    Abstract: Surveys anti-Jewish measures and legislation introduced in Croatia by the Ustasha regime, following the promulgation of the special racial statutes in 1941. These included a yellow badge for Jews over the age of 14, confiscation of Jewish property, and deportation to forced labor in concentration camps established between 1941-42. Gives details on the transit camp in Zagreb, and focuses on concentration camps in which most of the inmates were women and children: Kruscica, Lobor, Gornja Rijeka, Dakovo, Tenje. Some of the inmates were transferred to the Jasenovac camp and murdered there or deported to Auschwitz. Mentions, also, the deportation and murder of the Croatian Gypsies. Concludes that besides the huge numbers of Jews and Gypsies murdered in these camps, some 5,000 Jews were deported by the Germans themselves, with the consent of the Croatians.
    Note: See also in Hebrew.
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  • 6
    Article
    Article
    Polemics with Nazism in the newspapers "Zidov" and "Jevrejski Glas" in Yugoslavia, 1935-1941. (1991)
    In:  Yad Vashem Studies 21 (1991) 287-314
    Details
    ISSN: 0084-3296
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 1991
    Titel der Quelle: Yad Vashem Studies
    Angaben zur Quelle: 21 (1991) 287-314
    Keywords: Jewish periodicals ; Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) ; Jews Periodicals
    Abstract: Discusses the Yugoslav Jewish response to Nazi propaganda as reflected in articles published in the newspapers "Židov" of Zagreb, identified with the Zionist movement, and "Jevrejski Glas" of Sarajevo, which stressed the rights of Jews in Yugoslavia. Both papers denounced Nazism as "a cult of the spirit of war", and antisemitism as an "irrational belief", speaking against publication of the "Protocols of the Elders of Zion". They sensed that Nazism endangered the very existence of civilization, and they exposed the lies of its anti-Jewish campaign. Both papers echoed the identity crisis of secular Jews, and confusion in the face of the unprecedented Nazi menace. Refers, also, to the antisemitic press in Yugoslavia, such as the "Katolički Tjednik" and "Sarajevski List", which openly called for the murder of the Jews in 1941.
    Note: See also in Hebrew.
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  • 7
    Article
    Article
    Argentina's immigration policy during the Holocaust (1938-1945). (1991)
    In:  Yad Vashem Studies 21 (1991) 155-188
    Details
    ISSN: 0084-3296
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 1991
    Titel der Quelle: Yad Vashem Studies
    Angaben zur Quelle: 21 (1991) 155-188
    Keywords: Jews History 1939-1945 ; Jewish refugees History 20th century ; Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) Influence ; Argentina Emigration and immigration 20th century ; Government policy ; History
    Note: In Hebrew: , "יד ושם; קובץ מחקרים" כא (תשנא) 125-151
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  • 8
    Article
    Article
    Hitler's direct influence on decisions affecting Jews during World War II. (1990)
    In:  Yad Vashem Studies 20 (1990) 53-68
    Details
    ISSN: 0084-3296
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 1990
    Titel der Quelle: Yad Vashem Studies
    Angaben zur Quelle: 20 (1990) 53-68
    Keywords: Hitler, Adolf, Political and social views ; Antisemitism History 1933-1945 ; Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) ; Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) History ; National socialism Historiography
    Abstract: Relates to different opinions, which were expressed at the Stuttgart conference of historians held in May 1984, in regard to Hitler's direct involvement in the Final Solution. Surveys Nazi sources which recorded Hitler's concrete positions and orders concerning the fate of the Jews (e.g. the treatment of "Mischlinge", the status of Jews in the Greater Reich, the deportation of Hungarian Jews). Emphasizes Hitler's great concern for secrecy about the Nazi policies regarding Europe's Jews. Refuting the arguments presented of Hitler's passive role in the Final Solution, concludes that he actually monitored and controlled the liquidation of the Jewish population.
    Note: Appeared in Polish in "Dzieje Najnowsze" 25,1 (1993) 31-39. In Hebrew: , יד ושם; קובץ מחקרים כ (תשן) 43-55
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  • 9
    Article
    Article
    The Jewish educational system in Romania during World War II (1940-1944). (1990)
    In:  Yad Vashem Studies 20 (1990) 313-336
    Details
    ISSN: 0084-3296
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 1990
    Titel der Quelle: Yad Vashem Studies
    Angaben zur Quelle: 20 (1990) 313-336
    Keywords: Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) ; Jews Education
    Abstract: In October 1940 all Jewish students were banned from Romanian educational institutions and Jewish teachers were not allowed to teach in Romanian schools. The Jewish community reorganized its educational system, establishing communal and private schools, and four colleges in Bucharest. Hebrew education in wartime was strengthened due to the efforts of the Romanian Zionist organization, headed by Moshe Benvenisti, until early 1944 when Zionist leaders and Hebrew teachers were arrested. A number of pupils and teachers were attacked or murdered by Iron Guard supporters; others were deported to Transnistria. Gives figures on Jewish education in Czernowitz and in the ghettos of Transnistria. Explains the existence of this unique Jewish education network by the lobbying efforts of Jewish leaders, such as W. Filderman and Rabbi A. Şafran, and by the opportunism of Antonescu and other Romanian leaders who were interested in avoiding a complete rupture with Western countries.
    Note: Appeared in Hebrew in "Yad Vashem" 20, 1990.
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  • 10
    Article
    Article
    The founding and activity of the Hehalutz-Histadrut Rescue Center in Geneva, 1939-1942. (1990)
    In:  Yad Vashem Studies 20 (1990) 161-210
    Details
    ISSN: 0084-3296
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 1990
    Titel der Quelle: Yad Vashem Studies
    Angaben zur Quelle: 20 (1990) 161-210
    Keywords: Hechalutz (Organization) ; Jews History 1939-1945 ; Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) Rescue ; Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) Foreign public opinion, Eretz Israel ; Youth movements, Jewish ; Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945)
    Abstract: Preparations for establishing the Rescue Center began in September 1939 but were slowed down by difficulties in reconciling the different orientations of the Yishuv and other Zionist organizations. Notes efforts made by Nathan Schwalb, of the World Hehalutz Center, to found the liaison office in Geneva, in the face of the tendency of the Yishuv leadership, until 1942, to reduce its operating expenses there. Describes various forms of rescue activities, such as maintaining contact with the Zionist organizations under Nazi rule; collecting information on the fate of the Jewish communities; sending parcels; organizing illegal border crossings; transferring funds to subsidize the halutz organizations in occupied countries. Concludes that, due to the dedicated work of the representatives of the Zionist Labor Movement in Geneva, the Center served as a focus of contacts, relief, and rescue for European Jews, despite the tardy reaction and insufficient responsiveness of the Yishuv's institutions.
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