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  • 2020-2024  (14)
  • Bible. Language, style  (14)
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  • 1
    Article
    Article
    In:  Vetus Testamentum 70,4-5 (2020) 645-666
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2020
    Titel der Quelle: Vetus Testamentum
    Angaben zur Quelle: 70,4-5 (2020) 645-666
    Keywords: Bible. Criticism, interpretation, etc. ; Bible. Language, style ; Hittite literature Relation to the Bible
    Abstract: This article revisits the long perceived referential difficulty in the phrase “this sēper” in Deut 28:58. It introduces phraseology drawn from the 14th century BCE Hittite treaty of Šuppiluliuma I with Tette of Nuḫašši (CTH 53) parallel to the expression “all the words of this sēper written in this tôrâ” (Deut 28:58). In light of this comparative evidence it argues that it is probable that “this sēper” had a self-referential function: the expression “this sēper” in Deut 28:58 indicates for audiences the material text-object on which the verse was written, and does not merely point to a text-object that exists within the world of the narrative. Finally, it considers the analogy of treaty performance to understand how the spatial relationship created between audiences and physical text-objects through deictic self-reference functions within the literary context of the Deuteronomic source.
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  • 2
    Article
    Article
    In:  Vetus Testamentum 71,4-5 (2021) 665-672
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2021
    Titel der Quelle: Vetus Testamentum
    Angaben zur Quelle: 71,4-5 (2021) 665-672
    Keywords: Bible. Language, style ; Bible. Language, style ; Hebrew language, Biblical Terms and phrases ; Hebrew language, Biblical Semantics ; Hebrew language, Biblical Syntax
    Abstract: The word taʿărōg, which appears three times in the Hebrew Bible, has been traditionally interpreted as a third-person feminine form. This article proposes that it instead be treated as a second-person masculine form, and that the two verses in which it appears be re-analysed accordingly.
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  • 3
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2021
    Titel der Quelle: Vetus Testamentum
    Angaben zur Quelle: 71,3 (2021) 303-316
    Keywords: Bible. Language, style ; Bible. Language, style ; Bible Criticism, interpretation, etc. ; Data processing
    Abstract: Scholars routinely discern the diachronic development of the book of Isaiah with a discreet focus on vocabulary, phrases, themes, and motifs. All but absent from consideration are the distribution and recurrence of grammatical, morphological, and syntactic features within the text. This study serves as a proof-of concept for the linguistic analysis of such features now available with the launch of the Tiberias Stylistic Classifier for the Hebrew Bible (https://tiberias.dicta.org.il/#/). Measuring and weighing the linguistic features of Isa 1–33 and Isa 40–55, the study brings to light the morphological and syntactic features most characteristic of each text corpus. The study also demonstrates that chs. 34 and 35 of Isaiah are much closer in morphology and syntax to chs. 1–33 than they are to chs. 40–55. The implications of these findings are examined in consideration of the scholarly debate concerning the provenance of these two chapters.
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  • 4
    Article
    Article
    In:  Vetus Testamentum 71,3 (2021) 430-447
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2021
    Titel der Quelle: Vetus Testamentum
    Angaben zur Quelle: 71,3 (2021) 430-447
    Keywords: Bible. Language, style ; Bible. Authorship ; Date of authorship ; Aramaic language Influence on Hebrew
    Abstract: ‏This paper proposes a new linguistic method for dating the Book of Qohelet. While linguistic methods employed in previous studies of Qohelet led to the conclusion that it is a post-exilic book, they could not yield a more accurate dating. The methodology proposed here identifies calques in Qohelet that reflect Aramaic phrases of uneven distribution—i.e., phrases that occur only in the Aramaic dialects of a specific period. Two Aramaic calques serve as test cases: בשל אשר and כצל אשר. Tracing the inner-Aramaic development and distribution of their Aramaic equivalents, I conclude that these phrases evolved in Aramaic in the Hellenistic period, thus excluding a Persian-period dating of the relevant calques. The paper then briefly refers to the implications of these findings for the contextualization and interpretation of the Book of Qohelet.
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  • 5
    Article
    Article
    In:  Vetus Testamentum 71,4-5 (2021) 784–800
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2021
    Titel der Quelle: Vetus Testamentum
    Angaben zur Quelle: 71,4-5 (2021) 784–800
    Keywords: Bible. Criticism, interpretation, etc. ; Bible. Language, style ; God Name ; Biblical teaching ; Tetragrammaton ; Hebrew language, Biblical Demonstratives
    Abstract: Exodus 3:14–15 provide an answer to Moses’ question in v. 13, but with surprising unanimity scholars have concluded that v. 14 is the heart of the section due to the supposed significance of the name Yhwh for the determining Yhwh’s original character. This focus on v. 14 has led most scholars to overlook the fact that v. 15a is a second answer to the question, and that v. 15b presents two complementary, but distinct dimensions of the deity. In v. 15b, the demonstratives וזה ‪…‬ זה, the nouns שמי and זכרי, and the temporal adverbial compounds לעלם and לדר דר, each point toward two distinct referents: Yhwh and Elohim. The first clause highlights the timeless nature of Yhwh’s name, while the second clause underscores the need to memorialize Elohim as the God of the ancestors and future Israelite generations.
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  • 6
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2022
    Titel der Quelle: Vetus Testamentum
    Angaben zur Quelle: 72,4-5 (2022) 650-675
    Keywords: Bible. Language, style ; Masorah ; Hebrew language, Biblical Prosodic analysis ; Hebrew language, Biblical Accents and accentuation
    Abstract: The Masoretic Text is a codification of the recitation tradition, the crucial aspect of which is its phrasing represented by the masoretic accents. The accents address primarily the declamation rhythm rather than the pitch of the recitation melody. Disjunctive accents of different hierarchic prominence mark the phrasing caesurae as relatively major or minor, distinguishing between various grades of caesural depth. However, the chanted recitation realizes the caesurae by the positionally assigned durations that do not express the significance of the individual caesurae and are aligned only with the division of the text into superordinate phrases. Caesurae of different depth may be realized indiscriminately, yet are distinguished in the accentuation. By their differentiating notation the accentuators were able both to capture the phrasing sound of the oral tradition and to interpret, determine, and even manipulate its sense.
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  • 7
    Article
    Article
    In:  Vetus Testamentum 72,4-5 (2022) 631-649
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2022
    Titel der Quelle: Vetus Testamentum
    Angaben zur Quelle: 72,4-5 (2022) 631-649
    Keywords: Bible. Criticism, Textual ; Bible. Versions ; Bible. Language, style
    Abstract: Proverbs 30:1b presents one of the most intractable text-critical dilemmas in the HB. Following Ronald Troxel’s suggestion that text criticism be reimagined as “a commentary on the life of the text,” I suggest the way forward in reading Prov 30:1b lies in carefully engaging with the versions as a window on its history. Emerging from this process, I argue that Prov 30:1b may have once read *לָאִיתִי וְלֹא אוּכָל, “I am weary and powerless.” Early on, however, this text was conflated with another textual tradition that read a proper name thus producing a double reading. In time, scribes harmonized this double reading which then calcified in MT. The versions and analogous biblical passages suggest the proposed text, while documented scribal practice and lexical usage support it.
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  • 8
    Article
    Article
    In:  Vetus Testamentum 72,4-5 (2022) 578-593
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2022
    Titel der Quelle: Vetus Testamentum
    Angaben zur Quelle: 72,4-5 (2022) 578-593
    Keywords: Bible. Language, style ; Hebrew language, Biblical Verb ; Ambiguity in the Bible ; Plays on words Translating ; Edom (Kingdom) Biblical teaching
    Abstract: The article discusses the reference to Edom at the end of Lam 4. It makes two proposals. First, it argues that we should understand nearly all of the clauses in Lam 4:21–22 as volitive expressions that convey the speaker’s wishes or prayers. Second, it argues that the Hebrew text of Lam 4:21 contains a wordplay lost in the ancient Greek translation and, thus, lost in the subsequent tradition. When Lam 4:21 uses the Hebrew word כּוֹס (“cup”) together with the syntagma עבר עַל in a context of irony and concerning “Daughter Edom,” כּוֹס alludes to Qôs (קוֹס), the patron god of the Edomites and the Idumaeans. The Septuagint understood the Hebrew text’s volitive expressions as ordinary indicatives. It “quenched” the Hebrew text’s ironic pun and made an unambiguous expression of what originally was ambiguous.
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  • 9
    Article
    Article
    In:  Vetus Testamentum 72,4-5 (2022) 556-577
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2022
    Titel der Quelle: Vetus Testamentum
    Angaben zur Quelle: 72,4-5 (2022) 556-577
    Keywords: Bible. Language, style ; Hebrew language, Biblical Verb
    Abstract: Biblical Hebrew lexicons unanimously present the basic meaning of the verb שׁאף as “pant, snuff.” Absent etymological evidence, however, the lexical value of the verb hangs on the contextual interpretation of three attestations where the verb has not undergone semantic expansion: Isa 42:14; Jer 2:24; 14:6. Fresh analysis of the philological evidence garners support for an alternate interpretation of שׁאף רוח in Jer 2:24; 14:6 as “bray, cry out” and suggests that ואשׁאף in Isa 42:14 constitutes an elliptical form of the phrase with the same meaning. This new semantic understanding in turn allows for a reanalysis of derived meanings, furnishing a revised understanding of the verb שׁאף.
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  • 10
    Article
    Article
    In:  Vetus Testamentum 70,1 (2020) 55-66
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2020
    Titel der Quelle: Vetus Testamentum
    Angaben zur Quelle: 70,1 (2020) 55-66
    Keywords: Bible. Criticism, interpretation, etc. ; Bible. Criticism, interpretation, etc. ; Bible. Language, style ; Hebrew language, Biblical Semantics ; Intertextuality in the Bible
    Abstract: The verb התחפש is well-known in the meaning “to disguise oneself,” but this meaning does not seem to fit its context in 2 Chron 35:22. Why would Josiah disguise himself when going to battle with Necho? In this paper it will be argued that the verb was borrowed from the story on Micah ben Yimlah (1 Kgs 22:30) in the course of the Chronicler’s reshaping of Josiah in the image of Ahab, but that its semantics reflect a later interpretation of some elements in that story. The later interpretation is attested independently in the Peshitta and the Vulgate where התחפש is rendered as “to arm oneself.”
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