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  • 1
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2011
    Titel der Quelle: Yad Vashem Studies
    Angaben zur Quelle: 39,1 (2011) 117-167
    Keywords: Berenblatt, Hirsch Trials, litigation, etc. ; War crime trials History 20th century ; Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) Influence ; Law ; Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) ; Jews History ; Jewish councils ; Jewish ghettos ; Jewish police officers
    Abstract: Discusses the Barenblat trial, held in Tel Aviv in 1963-64, as well as the biography of the defendant, Hirsch Barenblat, born in 1914 in Poland. During the German occupation, Barenblat was imprisoned in the ghetto of Będzin, and in 1942 he became deputy commander and then commander of the Jewish police in the ghetto. He played an active role in the deportation of Będzin's Jews to Auschwitz and in other acts of collaboration with the Nazis. In December 1943, Barenblat, as a participant in the Jewish resistance in the ghetto, escaped to Slovakia and then survived the war in Budapest. In 1960 he was identified in Tel Aviv and brought to trial under the Nazis and Nazi Collaborators Law of Israel. The witnesses were split on whether Barenblat should be regarded as a Nazi collaborator and a war criminal or as a rescuer. The witnesses for the prosecution focused on his sending Jews to labor camps and the children of the orphanage to Auschwitz, and taking part in the mass selection in August 1942 and the arrest of Jewish refugees who arrived in the city in late 1942. The defense witnesses stressed his rescue of some Jews from deportation and his connections with the resistance. The court rulings reflected the witnesses' vacillations: while the District Court convicted Barenblat, the Supreme Court exonerated him. Some years after the trial, Barenblat emigrated to Germany. Contends that the Barenblat trial was an important milestone in the perception of the role of the Judenrat. Beside the historical school which viewed the Judenrat as an instrument of the Nazi system, another school of historians emerged which stressed the councils' activities on behalf of the Jewish community, and held a more balanced view.
    Note: In Hebrew: , "יד ושם; קובץ מחקרים" לט,1 (תשעא) 101-140
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  • 2
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2004
    Titel der Quelle: Yad Vashem Studies
    Angaben zur Quelle: 32 (2004) 433-447
    Keywords: Heydrich, Reinhard, ; Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) ; Jewish councils ; Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) ; Antisemitism History 20th century
    Abstract: Discusses a lengthy express letter sent by Heydrich to Einsatzgruppen commanders on 21 September 1939, which has become an important document for the study of Nazi wartime policy. Heydrich used the word "Endziel" (final goal) and mentioned, inter alia, the proposed concentration of Jews at central localities near railway stations and the establishment of Judenräte. Points out that some Judenräte were already appointed on 6 September, which shows that the anti-Jewish policy for Poland was planned even before the invasion. Notes that the letter was sent after Heydrich's meeting with Einsatzgruppen, SS, and SD commanders, so they already knew its contents. Contends that it was written even before the meeting, and that it was actually aimed at the heads of various ministries, to whom it was also sent, to let them know that Heydrich and the above-mentioned groups were in charge of anti-Jewish policy.
    Note: See also in Hebrew.
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  • 3
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2009
    Titel der Quelle: Yad Vashem Studies
    Angaben zur Quelle: 37,2 (2009) 19-65
    Keywords: Arendt, Hannah, ; Yahil, Leni ; Holocaust (Jewish theology) ; Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) Historiography
    Abstract: Discusses correspondence between Hannah Arendt and Israeli historian Leni Yahil from May 1961 to April 1963, with one letter sent by Yahil to Arendt in 1971. Their relationship was rather cordial at first, but after Yahil read four of Arendt's five articles, which later lay the ground for her "Eichmann in Jerusalem", the women's friendship became irreparably damaged. Many subjects cropped up in the correspondence, and they basically involved three areas: "the banality of evil"; antisemitism, Germanness, and the Holocaust; Jews, the Jewish people, Judaism, and God. The controversy influenced Yahil's historical writing, which can be seen in her "The Holocaust: The Fate of European Jewry, 1932-1945". In contrast to Arendt's writing, Yahil's was characterized by a Jewish perspective; she stressed the complex development of the Nazi anti-Jewish policies from 1933-45 and dealt extensively with the policies and role of the Jewish Councils during the war, using eyewitness accounts. Pp. 40-65 contain translations of the correspondence between Arendt and Yahil, most of which was written in German; only two were in English.
    Note: English and Hebrew. , Includes the correspondence between Arendt and Yahil (pp. 40-65). , Appeared in German as "Hannah Arendt und Leni Yahil: eine Freundschaft, die nicht standhielt" in "Mittelweg 36" 19 (2010) 25-42.
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