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  • 1
    Article
    Article
    Political economy as a test of modern Judaism. (2019)
    In:  Religions 10,2 (2019) pp 10
    Details
    ISSN: 2077-1444
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2019
    Titel der Quelle: Religions
    Angaben zur Quelle: 10,2 (2019) pp 10
    Keywords: Economics Religious aspects ; Judaism ; History ; Judaism History Modern period, 1750-
    Abstract: According to a common narrative, Jews entered the modern world at a steep price. From an autonomous corporation, ruling themselves internally according to their own standards and law, Judaism became a “religion,” divested of political power and responsible only for the internal sphere of “faith” or belief. The failure of this project, in turn, gave rise to the sharp split between Jewish nationalism and religion-based conceptions of Judaism. Many modern Jewish thinkers sought to resolve this antinomy by imagining ways for Judaism to once again form the basis of a “complete life”. This essay seeks to challenge this narrative by examining the extent to which economics, another one of the “spheres” emerging together with modernity and often considered under the same broadly Weberian process of rationalization, ever truly formed part of the holistic, self-contained Jewish autonomous life for which modern thinkers expressed so much nostalgia. It will argue that rather than forming part of the internal world of Judaism and then being fragmented outward into a separate sphere under the pressure of modernity, the “economic sphere” was imagined and defined for the first time in modernity, and projected backwards into earlier eras. This projection was then taken as proof of Judaism’s ability to “be about everything,” whether in a religious or nationalist idiom.
    DOI: 10.3390/rel10020078
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  • 2
    Article
    Article
    The future of post-Shoah christology : three challenges and three hopes. (2021)
    In:  Religions 12,6 (2021) pp 13
    Details
    ISSN: 2077-1444
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2021
    Titel der Quelle: Religions
    Angaben zur Quelle: 12,6 (2021) pp 13
    Keywords: Holocaust (Christian theology) ; Christianity and other religions Judaism 1945- ; History
    Abstract: Post-Shoah Christology is embedded in the unique relationship of Jews and Christians, especially Jesus’ Jewishness and the Jewish roots of Christianity, as well as Christian moral failures towards Jews before and during the Shoah. Essential for contemporary Christianity, a vibrant post-Shoah Christology confronts three main challenges, each demanding a different response. The first challenge is the reality that soon there will be no more first-generation witnesses to the Final Solution. Such is an inevitable challenge that has to be faced and prepared for. Religious pluralism is the second challenge, and includes a number of related threads, yet should ultimately be embraced. The third challenge is the (inevitable?) loss of memory, passion, and urgency, a willful forgetfulness by Christians towards the importance of the Jewish–Christian relationship, and especially, Christian failure in the Shoah. This challenge demands robust refutation and ongoing struggle. Before addressing these challenges, I will first further define and highlight the need for a post-Shoah Christology and will conclude this article with three general and three concrete hopes for a viable post-Shoah Christology.
    DOI: 10.3390/rel12060407
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  • 3
    Article
    Article
    From dialogue to revelation : alterity and the concept of fraternity (fraternité) in Léon Askenazi’s biblical hermeneutics. (2022)
    In:  Religions 13,5 (2022) pp. 12
    Details
    ISSN: 2077-1444
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2022
    Titel der Quelle: Religions
    Angaben zur Quelle: 13,5 (2022) pp. 12
    Keywords: Askénazi, Léon, Criticism and interpretation ; Bible Criticism, interpretation, etc., Jewish 20th century ; History ; Bible. Criticism, interpretation, etc., Jewish ; Brotherliness Biblical teaching ; Love Religious aspects ; Judaism ; Jewish philosophy 20th century
    Abstract: In Love: Accusative and Dative, Paul Mendes-Flohr explores ancient and modern Jewish engagements with the commandment to love the Re’a (neighbor) in Leviticus 19:18. Drawing on Rosenzweig’s phenomenology of divine–human love, Mendes-Flohr seeks to delineate the possibility of a humanist ethics of compassion that is not dependent, as in Rosenzweig, on hearing the divine voice. Taking Mendes-Flohr as point of departure, this paper explores the concept of fraternity (fraternité) as it figures in the thought of Yehuda Léon Askenazi (1922–1996), a North African kabbalist thinker and an important spiritual leader of Francophone Jewry in the twentieth century. Looking at two interrelated moments in Askenazi’s long career as a biblical exegete, I quarry Askenazi’s notion of fraternity for an account of alterity. Based on his discussions of the Cain and Abel story, as well as other biblical episodes, I argue that, for Askenazi, the challenge of fraternity, as figuring repeatedly in the Genesis narrative, is the preferred model to think of second-person relationships. Furthermore, I suggest, in contrast to Rosenzweig’s top-down account of revelation and human love, Askenazi’s approach represents a bottom-up model of love of one’s neighbor, which, when achieved, brings about divine revelation. View Full-Text
    DOI: 10.3390/rel13050381
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  • 4
    Article
    Article
    The massacres of the Jews under Richard I (A.D. 1189–1190). (2021)
    In:  Religions 12,10 (2021) pp 11
    Details
    ISSN: 2077-1444
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2021
    Titel der Quelle: Religions
    Angaben zur Quelle: 12,10 (2021) pp 11
    Keywords: Richard ; Jews Persecutions 12th century ; History ; Jews History 12th century ; Jews Historiography
    Abstract: This article is a consideration of medieval religious violence during the time of Richard I set within the historiography of such writers as Nirenberg, Cohen, and Moore. This paper specifically examines a series of anti-Jewish massacres which broke out in England in the immediate aftermath of the coronation of the Crusader King Richard I. While modern violence against minorities is often attributed to the irrational actions of persons with extreme prejudice or ideologies, we find something a bit more nuanced in the situation in 12th century England. Certainly, there were long-standing prejudices against the Jews in England. However, this paper will argue that while general European antisemitism did create an undercurrent of tension across Europe and especially in this case England; similar to Nirenberg’s thoughts these passions were manipulated by those involved to the point that they became incendiary to suit specific local purposes and passions. View Full-Text
    DOI: 10.3390/rel12100821
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  • 5
    Article
    Article
    Ezekiel, Daniel, and Christian diet culture. (2022)
    In:  Religions 13,2 (2022) pp. 9
    Details
    ISSN: 2077-1444
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2022
    Titel der Quelle: Religions
    Angaben zur Quelle: 13,2 (2022) pp. 9
    Keywords: Bible Use 21st century ; History ; Bible. Criticism, interpretation, etc. ; Bible. Criticism, interpretation, etc., Christian ; Diet
    Abstract: The books of Ezekiel and Daniel, specifically Ezek 4.9 and Daniel 1, 3, and 6, are now being used to market healthy eating and diet plans to Christians, especially evangelical Christians, in ways that are the opposite of how the texts appear in their historical and literary contexts. Such usage is a potentially problematic example of prophetic reception history and its contemporary significance because the language in these plans is the same language found in secular diet plans with biblical prooftexts added to them. The addition may actually make the plans even more problematic by linking weight and fitness to religion and spirituality. View Full-Text
    DOI: 10.3390/rel13020182
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  • 6
    Article
    Article
    The reception of the Hebrew prophets in ancient Christianity. (2022)
    In:  Religions 13,5 (2022) pp. 14
    Details
    ISSN: 2077-1444
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2022
    Titel der Quelle: Religions
    Angaben zur Quelle: 13,5 (2022) pp. 14
    Keywords: Origen Criticism and interpretation ; Bible. Criticism, interpretation, etc., Christian ; History ; Bible Allegorical interpretations ; Christian literature, Early History and criticism
    Abstract: This contribution discusses the ways in which the Hebrew prophets in Greek and Latin translations were received by Christians from the second to fifth centuries CE, preceded by an impression of the New Testament use of these prophets. Besides the vast amount of ecclesiastical references and commentaries, it also deals with Marcionite and Gnostic views. It demonstrates that Christians most often read the prophets as testimonies to Christ and the communities of those who believed in him. Allegorical readings came up soon and were justified by Origen of Alexandria (185–254 CE), whose interpretations were most influential in subsequent centuries. In the fourth century, a reaction against the allegorical reading of the prophets arose in Antioch, Syria; the “Antiochene school” rather limited its approach to the historical context of the prophets, except for texts read Christologically in the New Testament. This article also considers the question whether the Christian appropriation of the Hebrew prophets may be deemed legitimate. View Full-Text
    DOI: 10.3390/rel13050408
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  • 7
    Article
    Article
    The blessing of whiteness in the curse of Ham : reading Gen 9:18–29 in the antebellum South. (2021)
    In:  Religions 12,11 (2021) pp. 18
    Details
    ISSN: 2077-1444
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2021
    Titel der Quelle: Religions
    Angaben zur Quelle: 12,11 (2021) pp. 18
    Keywords: Ham ; Bible. Criticism, interpretation, etc. ; Blessing and cursing in the Bible ; Racism Religious aspects ; Christianity ; History ; Slavery Religious aspects ; Christianity
    Abstract: This essay examines the antebellum history of interpretation surrounding the curse of Ham in Gen 9:18–29. It explores how modern notions of scientific racism were read into the story as a de facto justification for the transatlantic slave trade and the institution of slavery in the antebellum South. However, more than simply being used as a prooftext for racist agendas, the curse of Ham provided a biblical foil for circumscribing a racial hierarchy where whiteness was positioned as superior in the figure of Japheth. By considering key features of the racist antebellum interpretation, I argue that the proslavery rationalization of Christian antebellum writers is rooted in a deracialized whiteness that was biblically produced and blessed with divine authority. View Full-Text
    DOI: 10.3390/rel12110928
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  • 8
    Article
    Article
    Between Messianism and Zionism : the religious proto-Zionists. (2022)
    In:  Religions 13,1 (2022) pp 15
    Details
    ISSN: 2077-1444
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2022
    Titel der Quelle: Religions
    Angaben zur Quelle: 13,1 (2022) pp 15
    Keywords: Messiah Judaism ; Religious Zionism Philosophy ; Redemption Judaism ; Eretz Israel Aliyah 19th century ; History
    Abstract: The 19th century, which began with the immigration to Eretz Israel of 511 disciples of the Vilna Gaon (HaGra) and their families from Lithuania for religious reasons between 1808–1811, ended with the arrival of tens of thousands of Hovevei Zion from Russia and Romania for nationalistic motives, beginning in 1882.This article deals with the differences between the doctrine of redemption of the Vilna Gaon’s disciples and the Zionist ideology of Hovevei Zion in light of the thought of the religious proto-Zionists. Rabbi Zvi Hirsch Kalischer and Rabbi Eliyahu Guttmacher who were the proto-Zionists actually served as transformers from theurgic-symbolic messianic activism to realistic Zionist activism through their combined adoption of all these active approaches and the shift in emphasis from the symbolic to the realistic. Putting them all in the traditional messianic camp or the modern national camp distorts the picture. The great innovation of their doctrine was the transformation of the idea. View Full-Text
    DOI: 10.3390/rel13010052
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  • 9
    Article
    Article
    "But now I consydre thy necesse" : Augustine's doctrine of Jewish witness and the restoration of racial hierarchies in the Croxton play of the sacrament. (2024)
    In:  Religions 15,1 (2024) 1-20
    Details
    ISSN: 2077-1444
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2024
    Titel der Quelle: Religions
    Angaben zur Quelle: 15,1 (2024) 1-20
    Keywords: English drama History and criticism Middle English, 1100-1500 ; Jewish merchants Drama ; Christianity and other religions Judaism To 1500 ; History
    Abstract: This paper examines the depiction of Jewish and Christian merchants in the medieval English Host miracle play, the Croxton Play of the Sacrament. This play is a critical illustration of religious racialization, effectively demonstrating the perpetuation of anti-Jewish stereotypes and legitimizing violence. Positioned within a broader scholarly debate, particularly in relation to Augustine’s doctrine of Jewish witness, the play portrays Jews as allegorical figures that validate Christian theological constructs. This paper delves into the representation and linguistic depiction of Jewish characters in the play, emphasizing their systematic dehumanization and instrumentalization in Christian narratives. A significant focus is placed on the coerced conversion of Jewish characters, which forces them into the archetype of the “Wandering Jew”, thereby highlighting motifs of symbolic aggression and unending diaspora. This paper also confronts contemporary scholarly perspectives that view the play as challenging religious boundaries, positing that such interpretations overlook the ingrained racialization and marginalization of Jewish identity during the European Middle Ages. It argues that the play’s transient disruption of power dynamics ultimately reinforces prevailing social hierarchies, thereby solidifying deep-seated anti-Jewish sentiments.
    DOI: 10.3390/rel15010140
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  • 10
    Article
    Article
    The Samaritan and Jewish versions of the Pentateuch : a survey. (2020)
    In:  Religions 11,2 (2020) 12 pp,
    Details
    ISSN: 2077-1444
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2020
    Titel der Quelle: Religions
    Angaben zur Quelle: 11,2 (2020) 12 pp,
    Keywords: Bible. Versions ; Bible. Criticism, Textual ; Bible. History ; Bible Canon ; History
    Abstract: This article discusses the main differences between the Samaritan and the Jewish versions of the Pentateuch. The Samaritan Bible consists of the Torah—that is, the Five Books of Moses—also called the Samaritan Pentateuch (SP). The Jewish Bible contains in addition the Prophets and the Writings, a total of 39 books. The introduction seeks to present both traditions in their own right and in relation to other ancient textual traditions (the Dead Sea Scrolls, the ancient Greek and Latin, and the Septuagint). The focus of this article is on the shared tradition of the Pentateuch with special emphasis on the textual and theological character of the Samaritan Pentateuch: major variants in the SP, the Moses Layer, and the cult place. This article closes with discussion of editions and translations of the Samaritan Bible and the Masoretic Bible respectively.
    DOI: 10.3390/rel11020085
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