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  • 2020-2024  (68)
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  • 1
    Article
    Article
    Arab labor, Jewish humor : memory, identity, and creative resistance on Israeli prime-time television. (2020)
    In:  Jewish Social Studies 25,2 (2020) 107-126
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-6704
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2020
    Titel der Quelle: Jewish Social Studies
    Angaben zur Quelle: 25,2 (2020) 107-126
    Keywords: Qashu, Sayed, ; 'Avodah 'aravit (Television program) ; Television comedies History and criticism ; Palestinian Arabs ; Collective memory ; Jewish-Arab relations ; Arab-Israeli conflict Mass media and the conflict
    Abstract: The prime-time television comedy Arab Labor, created by Israeli-Palestinian writer Sayed Kashua, allows viewers to reconceptualize Israeli collective memory, rendering it more inclusive for non-Jewish citizens of the state. A close visual and textual analysis of one particularly bold episode, titled “Memorial Day” (Zikaron), reveals that the episode aims to bridge an existing gap between two formative narratives: the celebratory Jewish War of Independence and the Nakba, the Palestinian disaster of 1948. This daring cultural suggestion, indeed an antidiscourse, identifies productive intersections between these competing narratives. Moreover, by employing humor, irony, and the genre of the sitcom, the creators of the series mask a volatile criticism of prevailing social conventions and norms in contemporary Israeli society. The creative resolutions to the various crises the storyline raises—resolutions that on many occasions transgress social boundaries—create a meaningful space for identity negotiation and cultural intervention in the Israeli sociopolitical arena.
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  • 2
    Article
    Article
    How race travels : navigating global blackness in J. Ida Jiggetts’s study of Afro-Asian Israeli Jewry. (2022)
    In:  Jewish Social Studies 27,1 (2022) 1-42
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-6704
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2022
    Titel der Quelle: Jewish Social Studies
    Angaben zur Quelle: 27,1 (2022) 1-42
    Keywords: African Americans ; Race relations ; Mizrahim ; Jews, Yemeni ; Zionism ; African American women ; Israel Ethnic relations
    Abstract: This article explores the intellectual history of Black scholar (John) Ida Jiggetts in her study of Yemenite Jewish integration efforts in Israel in the 1950s. I begin with a critical look into the scholarship that heavily influenced her: Zionist ethnography and anthropology. Jewish engagement in these fields, then dominated by race scientists, constructed Afro-Asian Jewry as a Black foil meant to highlight the normative whiteness of European Jews. The article then moves on to Jiggetts’s travel memoir, Israel to Me, in which she details her observations on intra-Jewish race relations, how she struggled to navigate race in Hebrew, and how her experiences in Israel pushed her to reflect on her own perceptions of race. Enacting a form of racial diplomacy, Jiggetts shaped Black American perspectives on Israel in the twentieth century as one Black community looked to another as a means of understanding the global color line. Navigating shifting interpellations of her own Blackness while observing the racialization of Mizrahi Israelis, her reflections on race in Israel shed light on the transnational process of racecraft for those who share the experience of the color line.
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  • 3
    Article
    Article
    Jewish historiography between socialism and nationalism : a portrait of historian Isaiah Trunk. (2022)
    In:  Jewish Social Studies 27,1 (2022) 150-184
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-6704
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2022
    Titel der Quelle: Jewish Social Studies
    Angaben zur Quelle: 27,1 (2022) 150-184
    Keywords: Trunk, Isaiah ; Yivo Institute for Jewish Research ; Jewish historians Biography ; Jews Historiography ; Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) Historiography
    Abstract: Isaiah Trunk (1905–81), the author of the classic work Judenrat, was one of the few Polish Jewish historians to survive the Holocaust. His trajectory reflects the key political and intellectual experiences and developments that shaped Jewish historiography in the twentieth century, from the Russian Revolution and the revival of Yiddish culture in the interwar years to Stalinism, the Holocaust, and the period of relative peace and prosperity in the postwar United States. The Holocaust and Stalinism left Trunk disillusioned with socialist internationalism and prompted a shift in his historical thinking “from class to nation.” Nevertheless, his lifelong commitment to Bundism reflected his determination to fight for the preservation of Polish Jewish culture, including its socialist traditions. Moreover, throughout his life, he retained a concern for social equality and the conviction that history, as an empirical science, was an important weapon in the struggle against antisemitism.
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  • 4
    Article
    Article
    In praise of the multitude : Rabbi Yosef Knafo’s socially conscious work in Essaouira at the end of the nineteenth century. (2022)
    In:  Jewish Social Studies 27,1 (2022) 115-149
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-6704
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2022
    Titel der Quelle: Jewish Social Studies
    Angaben zur Quelle: 27,1 (2022) 115-149
    Keywords: Kenafo, Yosef, ; Jews Social conditions ; Judeo-Arabic literature History and criticism ; Jews Civilization ; Essaouira (Morocco)
    Abstract: This article examines the work of Rabbi Yosef Knafo (1823–1900), a prolific author writing for the Jewish masses of Essaouira in Morocco. In this article, I suggest that Knafo’s work should be read in the light of the local Jewish community’s turbulent social context. Through his books, Knafo joined the ranks of the local advocates of modernity, dedicating himself to forging a more egalitarian Jewish society and providing spiritual backing to those struggling for societal democratization. Rather than representing a break with religious tradition or a form of westernization, Knafo’s vision of modernity was a rearticulation of Jewish tradition in order to mobilize it toward social change. Using the printing press to subvert the local authority and reach new audiences, Knafo was also the first person in Morocco to quote and translate Hasidic works and he pioneered the diffusion of Judeo-Arabic literature.
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  • 5
    Article
    Article
    "Indios, Negros, and Criollos" : the racial anxieties of Argentine Yiddish. (2022)
    In:  Jewish Social Studies 27,1 (2022) 83-114
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-6704
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2022
    Titel der Quelle: Jewish Social Studies
    Angaben zur Quelle: 27,1 (2022) 83-114
    Keywords: Yiddish language ; Jews History 20th century ; Ethnicity ; Racism ; Argentina Emigration and immigration ; Social aspects
    Abstract: This article analyzes discourses of Latin American race and ethnicity in the context of the ethnic language production of a transnational immigrant group: Yiddish-speaking Jews in Argentina. Argentine Yiddish writings have been analyzed in previous scholarship as an offshoot of a global Yiddish culture that entered a marked decline as immigrants culturally assimilated in the 1930s. By contrast, this article analyzes the presence of nationalist tropes and racial stereotypes in Yiddish-language materials after 1930 to argue that immigrants engaged with the changing ethnic and racial landscape of mid-century Argentina. In a context of heightened race and class anxiety spurred by Creole mass migration to cities, these authors used Yiddish to reproduce and reinforce—and in some cases, to contest—negative stereotypes of Indigenous and Creole Argentines. In doing so, they reflected and appropriated a Spanish-language discourse that racialized poor and dark-skinned people, aligning Jewish Argentines with a white middle class.
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  • 6
    Article
    Article
    Outside the frame : the Josef Nassy collection and the boundaries of Holocaust art. (2022)
    In:  Jewish Social Studies 27,1 (2022) 43-82
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-6704
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2022
    Titel der Quelle: Jewish Social Studies
    Angaben zur Quelle: 27,1 (2022) 43-82
    Keywords: Nassy, Joseph Johan Cosmo, ; Ilag VII (Concentration camp) ; Nazi concentration camp inmates as artists ; Crypto-Jews ; Jewish artists Biography ; Jewish artists Biography ; Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) Personal narratives
    Abstract: The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum’s largely unknown Josef Nassy Collection is situated at the intersection of multiple cultural histories of migration and oppression. Josef Nassy (1904-1976) was an artist of African, Sephardi, and European descent from the Dutch Caribbean colony of Surinam. In 1934 he went to study art in Belgium. In December 1941, as he had an American passport, he was interned by the Belgian police for several months and then sent by the Nazis to a camp for "enemy aliens" in Laufen, Germany until 1945. During his imprisonment Nassy created a visual diary that brings into view unfamiliar facets of the Nazi camp system, as well as unexpected points of intersection between Jewish and African diaspora experience. This article traces the story of Nassy's ca. 200 drawings and their postwar reception to illustrate how entrenched categories of art and victimhood can obstruct our access to the past. In contrast to this reception history, Nassy’s artworks encourage a relational approach to Holocaust studies, one that is attuned to the entanglement of European and colonial wartime experience and the diversity of Jewish identities.
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  • 7
    Article
    Article
    Statistics, race, and essentialism in the debate over Jewish employment structure (1905-39). (2022)
    In:  Jewish Social Studies 27,1 (2022) 185-225
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-6704
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2022
    Titel der Quelle: Jewish Social Studies
    Angaben zur Quelle: 27,1 (2022) 185-225
    Keywords: Jews Population ; Essentialism (Philosophy) ; Jews Employment ; Jews Economic conditions 19th century ; Jews Economic conditions 20th century ; Statistics History 19th century ; Jewish social scientists History 19th century
    Abstract: The second half of the nineteenth century saw the development of statistical studies about Jewish populations written by Jewish authors. Jewish enthusiasm for statistics gave rise to what historians have called Jewish social science or Jewish statistics. This article contributes to scholarship on Jewish social science by challenging the assumption in the literature that statistics was inherently essentialist and drew on race science. This case study is based on an analysis of early twentieth-century socioeconomic studies in Jewish statistical periodicals and, in particular, discussions of Jewish employment structure, or how the Jewish workforce was divided between the main economic sectors. Although this body of statistical research does not necessarily represent Jewish social science as a whole, it offers an opportunity to analyze the relationship between essentialism and statistics. I argue that Jewish social science did not favor the typological thinking that was inherent to race theory in the early twentieth century. Instead, most Jewish statisticians rejected the biologically determined concept of race and were much more inclined toward explanations framed in cultural terms. Yet these explanations also conveyed essentialist tropes about the productive capacities of Jewish workers that were consistent with the language and framework of racial thinking.
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  • 8
    Article
    Article
    Challenging humanism : Jews, theory, and Yale during the closing decades of the twentieth century. (2022)
    In:  Jewish Social Studies 27,3 (2022) 189-222
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-6704
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2022
    Titel der Quelle: Jewish Social Studies
    Angaben zur Quelle: 27,3 (2022) 189-222
    Keywords: Yale University ; Judaism and humanism ; Jewish college teachers History ; Jews Education (Higher) ; History
    Abstract: Jews used theory from the early 1970s to the late 80s at Yale University to revise humanism, a collection of intellectual traditions in the American academy until then largely shaped by a white, male, and Christian-European perspective. Jews, first, uncovered and reworked the philosophical principles of literary scholarship. Jews subsequently employed theory, often in anti-humanist ways, to help inaugurate a number of curricular and intellectual changes, from the reorganization and expansion of a Judaic Studies program at Yale to the housing of the Holocaust Survivors Film Project to contributing to the midrash-theory link, that had wide influence in the American academy and beyond. A chapter in the "Age of Theory," Jews' anti-humanist challenges renewed humanism and were illustrative of the intellectual and cultural effects of the increasing Jewish presence in American humanities departments.
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  • 9
    Article
    Article
    "What is permitted to Jupiter is not permitted to an Ox" : Maskilim as a class phenomenon. (2022)
    In:  Jewish Social Studies 27,3 (2022) 158-188
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-6704
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2022
    Titel der Quelle: Jewish Social Studies
    Angaben zur Quelle: 27,3 (2022) 158-188
    Keywords: Haskalah ; Jews Economic conditions 19th century ; Jews Intellectual life 19th century ; Jews History 19th century
    Abstract: The Haskalah emerged in the eighteenth century under the auspices of modernized Jewish commercial elites. By the late 1860s, however, Russian maskilim started to adopt highly critical positions toward their former patrons, and some toward capitalist relationships in general. This article sheds light on a previously neglected factor in discussions on the economic position of maskilim. It points to the growing gulf between them and their purported commercial patrons, spurred by changing tsarist policy toward Jews. The decision by Alexander II's administration to unofficially appoint moneyed elites to positions of Jewish leadership and grant them exceptional privileges left maskilim without moral and financial support in an increasingly hostile traditional society in the Pale. This led to the further polarization and alienation of maskilim in relation to both the Pale's traditionalists (rabbinic and commercial elites trying to preserve the existing power structures and religious practices) and the Jewish nouveau riche in the imperial cities––and to the rise of a maskilic class identity.
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  • 10
    Article
    Article
    The Torah of Che Guevara : Jewish students and armed struggle in military Brazil. (2022)
    In:  Jewish Social Studies 27,3 (2022) 1-31
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-6704
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2022
    Titel der Quelle: Jewish Social Studies
    Angaben zur Quelle: 27,3 (2022) 1-31
    Keywords: Jews History 20th century ; Political activists ; Brazil Politics and government 1964-1985
    Abstract: Studies of Latin American Jews under Cold War dictatorships have primarily focused on Jewish victims of dictatorial state violence. More recent scholarship, however, has offered individual case studies of Argentine Jewish activists as political actors rather than victims. Building on this newer work, this article examines the participation of Jewish high school and university students in the student movement and armed struggle against the Brazilian military regime (1964–85). Drawing on secret police records, memoirs, and oral history interviews, it explores the experiences of a dozen Jewish activists, tracing their politicization to family ties, Jewish elementary schools and summer camps, and elite public high schools. Blurring the boundaries between the "communalist" and "dispersionist" approaches to Jewish history by demonstrating how social networks established through leftist Jewish institutions had lasting impacts on ostensibly unaffiliated Jewish activists, this article offers the first extended examination of Jewish anti-dictatorship activism in the Latin American sixties.
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