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  • 1
    Language: Hebrew
    Year of publication: 2019
    Titel der Quelle: עתיקות
    Angaben zur Quelle: 97 (תשף) 1-95
    Keywords: Material culture History ; Ḳiryat ha-Omanim (Safed, Israel) ; Safed (Israel) Antiquities ; Eretz Israel History 1291-1517, Mamluk period
    Note: With an English abstract.
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  • 2
    Language: Hebrew
    Year of publication: 2021
    Titel der Quelle: עתיקות
    Angaben zur Quelle: 103 (תשפא) 29-48
    Keywords: Fish ponds ; Eretz Israel Antiquities, Roman ; Eretz Israel Antiquities, Byzantine ; Ilut (Israel) Antiquities ; Galilee, Lower (Israel) Antiquities
    Abstract: The excavation in the village of ‘Illuṭ exposed an installation comprising two plastered pools, serving during three phases (A–C). In Phase B the installation was used for fish farming (piscina), as indicated by the incorporation of antilia jars and a clay pipe in one of the pool’s walls. The installation was dated to the Middle Roman period based on the pottery finds, continuing in use until the end of the Byzantine period. This fish farm attests to consumption and economic facets of the inhabitants of the site, as well as to their high technological and agricultural skills.
    Note: With an English abstract.
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  • 3
    Language: Hebrew
    Year of publication: 2022
    Titel der Quelle: עתיקות
    Angaben zur Quelle: 107 (תשפב) 37*-55*
    Keywords: Commerce History ; Markets History ; Al-Tujjar Caravansarai (Israel) Antiquities ; Eretz Israel History 1291-1517, Mamluk period ; Eretz Israel History 1517-1917, Ottoman period
    Abstract: In the summer of 2014, a salvage excavation was conducted at the southeastern foot of the citadel west of Khan et-Tujjar, located near the Bet Qeshet Junction on the ‘Afula-Golani road, in Lower Galilee (map ref. 23868/73641; Fig. 1). An occupation level (Fig. 2), comprising a light compacted soil, and remains of hearths (Figs. 3, 4) were exposed. These contained many finds dated by coins and pottery vessels to the Mamluk and Ottoman periods, the fifteenth–eighteenth centuries CE. These finds are remnants of the centuries-old marketplace known from historical sources and travelers’ and explorers’ diaries, who traveled throughout Syria and Israel during the Mamluk and Ottoman periods, as well as from edicts (firman) on behalf of the Ottoman government. Two main roads passed through this location: one connecting Damascus in the north and Cairo in the south, and the other, connecting Jordan in the east with Acre on the coast in the west (Darb al-Hawarna). This crossroad served as a meeting place for merchants. At the end of the Mamluk period, a khan was built on site, and apparently later, the citadel was built. These provided the merchants, passers-by and their horses with accommodation and food supply, offering them protection and security. Khan et-Tujjar became a well-known meeting place and road station, and a lively and bustling marketplace developed in the area between the khan and the citadel, expanding over the years. The marketplace operated once a week for centuries, even after the khan and citadel had been long abandoned and left in ruins. The rich finds attest to an international commercial activity resembling a European fair. The pottery assemblage compised domestic vessels (Figs. 5–8) and imported ones, mainly bowls imported from Syria, Turkey, Italy, Spain and even China (Fig. 9). This assemblage is similar to those uncovered in contemporary important urban centers, such as Ẓefat, the district city, Bet She’an, Yoqne’am and Ramla. This is the first time that such an assemblage has been found at a road station inland. Some of these vessels were brought by Venetian merchants, who arrived at the port of Acre to buy local agricultural products, mainly cotton, and were sold to local merchants who distributed them to major centers throughout Israel and Syria. Metal objects (Fig. 10), such as nails and rings, and other finds, such as stone weights and a morex of Hexaplex trunculus (Fig. 11), were also found. In addition to the spectacular tableware, the merchants also introduced one of the new social customs that developed in Europe—smoking pipes. The pipes date from the beginning of their appearance in the Middle East, in the mid-seventeenth century CE, up to the beginning of the twentieth century (see Shapiro, this volume), spanning the period that the market functioned. The presence of early pipes at the site indicates the centrality of the khan and the market next to it on the trade routes of the Ottoman Empire. The zooarchaeological finds (see Marom, this volume) are echoed in the descriptions of travelers and researchers, who noted that the local merchants and farmers came to the market riding horses and camels, and traded in sheep, goats and especially cattle; the dogs ran around the market and joined the commotion in their barking. The marketplace of Khan et-Tujjar was colorful, noisy and vibrant, and did not fall short in size, merchandise and bustle of other well-known European marketplaces (Fig. 12). It existed for several centuries until it was abolished at the beginning of the twentieth century.
    Note: With an English abstract.
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  • 4
    Language: Hebrew
    Year of publication: 2011
    Titel der Quelle: עתיקות
    Angaben zur Quelle: 67 (תשעא) 27-39
    Keywords: Food industry and trade History ; Cemeteries ; Tombs ; Hatsor (Extinct city) (Israel) Antiquities ; Eretz Israel Antiquities
    Note: With an English abstract.
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  • 5
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2007
    Titel der Quelle: Nysa-Scythopolis
    Angaben zur Quelle: (2007)
    Keywords: Amphitheaters ; Theaters ; Pottery, Ancient ; Coins, Ancient ; Weights and measures, Ancient ; Seals (Numismatics) ; Architecture ; Bet She'an (Israel) Antiquities ; Eretz Israel Bibliography Antiquities ; Eretz Israel Antiquities
    Description / Table of Contents: Bar-Nathan, Rachel; Mazor, Gabriel. Preface: the Bet She'an publication series. ix-xv.
    Description / Table of Contents: Bar-Nathan, Rachel; Mazor, Gabriel. Selected bibliography. xvi-xx.
    Description / Table of Contents: Mazor, Gabriel. Introduction. 1-14.
    Description / Table of Contents: Mazor, Gabriel; Najjar, Arfan. The pre-odeum complex. 17-20.
    Description / Table of Contents: Mazor, Gabriel; Najjar, Arfan. The caesareum and odeum complex. 21-70.
    Description / Table of Contents: Mazor, Gabriel; Najjar, Arfan. The post-odeum complex. 71-95.
    Description / Table of Contents: Mazor, Gabriel; Najjar, Arfan. The inner compound of the caesareum. 97-112.
    Description / Table of Contents: Sandhaus, Debora. The pottery. 115-121.
    Description / Table of Contents: Mazor, Gabriel. The coins. 123-124.
    Description / Table of Contents: Mazor, Gabriel. The metal finds. 125-127.
    Description / Table of Contents: Mazor, Gabriel; Amos, Edna. The architectural elements. 129-168.
    Description / Table of Contents: Mazor, Gabriel. The architectural order compositions. 169-175.
    Description / Table of Contents: Mazor, Gabriel. The stage 1 public halls. 179-180.
    Description / Table of Contents: Mazor, Gabriel. The caesareum. 181-189.
    Description / Table of Contents: Mazor, Gabriel. The halls flanking the odeum. 191-192.
    Description / Table of Contents: Mazor, Gabriel. The odeum. 193-206.
    Description / Table of Contents: Mazor, Gabriel. Analysis of regional odea. 207-223.
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  • 6
    Article
    Article
    In:  Caesarea Maritima Excavations in the Old City, 1989-2003, Conducted by the University of Maryland and the University of Haifa - Final Reports I (2020) 249-300
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2020
    Titel der Quelle: Caesarea Maritima Excavations in the Old City, 1989-2003, Conducted by the University of Maryland and the University of Haifa - Final Reports
    Angaben zur Quelle: I (2020) 249-300
    Keywords: Temples ; Marble ; Columns ; Capitals (Architecture) ; Caesarea (Israel) Antiquities
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  • 7
    Article
    Article
    In:  Caesarea Maritima Excavations in the Old City, 1989-2003, Conducted by the University of Maryland and the University of Haifa - Final Reports I (2020) 121-171
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2020
    Titel der Quelle: Caesarea Maritima Excavations in the Old City, 1989-2003, Conducted by the University of Maryland and the University of Haifa - Final Reports
    Angaben zur Quelle: I (2020) 121-171
    Keywords: Herod ; Temples ; Sedimentary rocks ; Caesarea (Israel) Antiquities
    Note: Includes an appendix with a catalog of Kurkar architectural fragments (pp. 140-171).
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