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  • 11
    Article
    Article
    The ontology, arrangement, and appearance of paradise in Castilian Kabbalah in light of contemporary Islamic traditions from al-Andalus. (2020)
    In:  Religions 11,3 (2020) 12 pp.
    Details
    ISSN: 2077-1444
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2020
    Titel der Quelle: Religions
    Angaben zur Quelle: 11,3 (2020) 12 pp.
    Keywords: Ibn al-Arabi, Criticism and interpretation ; Mysticism Islam ; History ; Cabala ; Judaism Relations To 1500 ; Islam ; Paradise Comparative studies ; Mysticism Comparative studies ; Mysticism Judaism To 1500 ; History
    Abstract: This study is a comparative analysis of the appearances of the lower and upper Paradise, their divisions, and the journeys to and within them, which appear in mystical Jewish and Islamic sources in medieval Iberia. Ibn al-‘Arabī’s vast output on the Gardens of divine reward and their divisions generated a number of instructive comparisons to the eschatological and theosophical writing about the same subject in early Spanish Kabbalah. Although there is no direct historical evidence that kabbalists knew of such Arabic works from the region Catalonia or Andalusia, there are commonalities in fundamental imagery and in ontological and exegetical assumptions that resulted from an internalization of similar patterns of thought. It is quite reasonable to assume that these literary corpora, both products of the thirteenth century, were shaped by common sources from earlier visionary literature. The prevalence of translations of religious writing about ascents on high, produced in Castile in the later thirteenth century, can help explain the sudden appearance of visionary literature on Paradise and its divisions in the writings of Jewish esotericists of the same region. These findings therefore enrich our knowledge of the literary, intellectual, and creative background against which these kabbalists were working when they chose to depict Paradise in the way that they did, at the time that they did.
    DOI: 10.3390/rel11110553
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  • 12
    Article
    Article
    Christianity, Antisemitism, and the Holocaust. (2018)
    In:  Religions 9,1 (2018) pp 15
    Details
    ISSN: 2077-1444
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2018
    Titel der Quelle: Religions
    Angaben zur Quelle: 9,1 (2018) pp 15
    Keywords: Christianity and antisemitism History 20th century ; Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) Causes ; Christianity and other religions Judaism 20th century ; History
    Abstract: There is, in principle, a fundamental difference between Nazi racial antisemitism and the traditional anti-Judaism of Christianity. The church’s official view has been that conversion transforms a Jew into a Christian, whereas the Nazi view was that a Jewish convert to Christianity remained a Jew. Nevertheless, the distinction between racial and religious antisemitism has often been less clear-cut than is often claimed by those who claim that Christian churches bear no responsibility for the Holocaust. That is not to say that it is illusory, just that it has often been less clear-cut than is often claimed. During the Holocaust and the decades that preceded it, Christian clergy often stressed the same themes as the Nazis, notably with respect to the Jews being “parasitic” capitalists exploiting Christians, as well as communists seeking to overthrow the governments and traditional Christian values of Europe (Passelecq and Suchecky 1997, pp. 123–36). We shall see that these clerics often also spoke of Jews in racial, as well as religious terms. Conversely, the Nazis often exploited traditional Christian themes, such as the diabolical nature of the Jew, the image of the Jew as “Christ-killer,” and the contrast between “carnal” (materialistic) Judaism and spiritual Christianity. In other words, the Nazis effectively exploited two millennia of Christian demonization of the Jew. Most scholars who have studied the role of the Christian churches during the Holocaust are well aware of most of these facts (Barnett 1992; Bergen 1996; Ericksen and Heschel 1999a; Kertzer 2001). Yet many comparative studies of religion and violence ignore the role played by Christian churches during the Holocaust—apparently on the assumption that the most horrific mass murder in human history was a purely secular phenomenon. In fact, some prominent scholars, including the best-selling authors Karen Armstrong and—incredibly—Rabbi Jonathan Sacks, go so far as to attribute the Shoah to the demise of religious values in Europe (Armstrong 2014; Sacks 2015)! This article is an attempt to correct these mistaken assumptions. View Full-Text
    DOI: 10.3390/rel9010026
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  • 13
    Article
    Article
    Jews in Church : rethinking Jewish-Christian relations in nineteenth-century America. (2018)
    In:  Religions 9,8 (2018) pp 10
    Details
    ISSN: 2077-1444
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2018
    Titel der Quelle: Religions
    Angaben zur Quelle: 9,8 (2018) pp 10
    Keywords: Christianity and other religions Judaism 19th century ; History ; Judaism Relations 19th century ; Christianity ; Jews Attitudes ; Jews Social conditions 19th century
    Abstract: Studies of Jewish-Christian relations in the nineteenth century have largely centered on anti-Semitism, missionary endeavors, and processes of Protestantization. In this literature, Jews and Judaism are presented as radically separate from Christians and Christianity, which threaten them, either by reinforcing their difference or by diminishing it, whether as a deliberate project or as an unconscious outcome of pressure or attraction. And yet, Jews and Christians interacted with one another’s religious traditions not only through literature and discussion, but also within worship spaces. This paper will focus on the practice of churchgoing by Jewish individuals, with some attention to Christian synagogue-going. Most Jews went to church because of curiosity, sociability, or experimentation. Within churches, they became familiar with their neighbors and with Christian beliefs but also further clarified and even strengthened their own understandings and identities. For Jews, as for other Americans, the relationship between identification and spatial presence, belief and knowledge, worship and entertainment, were complicated and religious boundaries often unclear. The forgotten practice of Jewish churchgoing sheds light on the intimacies and complexities of Jewish-Christian relations in American history. View Full-Text
    DOI: 10.3390/rel9080237
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  • 14
    Article
    Article
    From dialogue to revelation : alterity and the concept of fraternity (fraternité) in Léon Askenazi’s biblical hermeneutics. (2022)
    In:  Religions 13,5 (2022) pp. 12
    Details
    ISSN: 2077-1444
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2022
    Titel der Quelle: Religions
    Angaben zur Quelle: 13,5 (2022) pp. 12
    Keywords: Askénazi, Léon, Criticism and interpretation ; Bible Criticism, interpretation, etc., Jewish 20th century ; History ; Bible. Criticism, interpretation, etc., Jewish ; Brotherliness Biblical teaching ; Love Religious aspects ; Judaism ; Jewish philosophy 20th century
    Abstract: In Love: Accusative and Dative, Paul Mendes-Flohr explores ancient and modern Jewish engagements with the commandment to love the Re’a (neighbor) in Leviticus 19:18. Drawing on Rosenzweig’s phenomenology of divine–human love, Mendes-Flohr seeks to delineate the possibility of a humanist ethics of compassion that is not dependent, as in Rosenzweig, on hearing the divine voice. Taking Mendes-Flohr as point of departure, this paper explores the concept of fraternity (fraternité) as it figures in the thought of Yehuda Léon Askenazi (1922–1996), a North African kabbalist thinker and an important spiritual leader of Francophone Jewry in the twentieth century. Looking at two interrelated moments in Askenazi’s long career as a biblical exegete, I quarry Askenazi’s notion of fraternity for an account of alterity. Based on his discussions of the Cain and Abel story, as well as other biblical episodes, I argue that, for Askenazi, the challenge of fraternity, as figuring repeatedly in the Genesis narrative, is the preferred model to think of second-person relationships. Furthermore, I suggest, in contrast to Rosenzweig’s top-down account of revelation and human love, Askenazi’s approach represents a bottom-up model of love of one’s neighbor, which, when achieved, brings about divine revelation. View Full-Text
    DOI: 10.3390/rel13050381
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  • 15
    Article
    Article
    The blessing of whiteness in the curse of Ham : reading Gen 9:18–29 in the antebellum South. (2021)
    In:  Religions 12,11 (2021) pp. 18
    Details
    ISSN: 2077-1444
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2021
    Titel der Quelle: Religions
    Angaben zur Quelle: 12,11 (2021) pp. 18
    Keywords: Ham ; Bible. Criticism, interpretation, etc. ; Blessing and cursing in the Bible ; Racism Religious aspects ; Christianity ; History ; Slavery Religious aspects ; Christianity
    Abstract: This essay examines the antebellum history of interpretation surrounding the curse of Ham in Gen 9:18–29. It explores how modern notions of scientific racism were read into the story as a de facto justification for the transatlantic slave trade and the institution of slavery in the antebellum South. However, more than simply being used as a prooftext for racist agendas, the curse of Ham provided a biblical foil for circumscribing a racial hierarchy where whiteness was positioned as superior in the figure of Japheth. By considering key features of the racist antebellum interpretation, I argue that the proslavery rationalization of Christian antebellum writers is rooted in a deracialized whiteness that was biblically produced and blessed with divine authority. View Full-Text
    DOI: 10.3390/rel12110928
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  • 16
    Article
    Article
    Between Messianism and Zionism : the religious proto-Zionists. (2022)
    In:  Religions 13,1 (2022) pp 15
    Details
    ISSN: 2077-1444
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2022
    Titel der Quelle: Religions
    Angaben zur Quelle: 13,1 (2022) pp 15
    Keywords: Messiah Judaism ; Religious Zionism Philosophy ; Redemption Judaism ; Eretz Israel Aliyah 19th century ; History
    Abstract: The 19th century, which began with the immigration to Eretz Israel of 511 disciples of the Vilna Gaon (HaGra) and their families from Lithuania for religious reasons between 1808–1811, ended with the arrival of tens of thousands of Hovevei Zion from Russia and Romania for nationalistic motives, beginning in 1882.This article deals with the differences between the doctrine of redemption of the Vilna Gaon’s disciples and the Zionist ideology of Hovevei Zion in light of the thought of the religious proto-Zionists. Rabbi Zvi Hirsch Kalischer and Rabbi Eliyahu Guttmacher who were the proto-Zionists actually served as transformers from theurgic-symbolic messianic activism to realistic Zionist activism through their combined adoption of all these active approaches and the shift in emphasis from the symbolic to the realistic. Putting them all in the traditional messianic camp or the modern national camp distorts the picture. The great innovation of their doctrine was the transformation of the idea. View Full-Text
    DOI: 10.3390/rel13010052
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  • 17
    Article
    Article
    "For the Salvation of This Girl’s Soul" : nuns as converters of Jews in early modern Italy. (2017)
    In:  Religions 8,11 (2017) pp 12
    Details
    ISSN: 2077-1444
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2017
    Titel der Quelle: Religions
    Angaben zur Quelle: 8,11 (2017) pp 12
    Keywords: Christian converts from Judaism ; Jewish women Social conditions ; Nuns Conduct of life 16th century ; History
    Abstract: This article argues that converting Jewish girls and women constituted an important expression of Italian nuns’ religiosity throughout the age of Catholic Reform. Unlike their male counterparts, however, converting nuns rarely left behind accounts of their conversionary efforts. Moreover, since these endeavors were directed exclusively at female Jews they are often obscured in the historical record and in modern historiography. The article tackles the difficulties of recovering the voices of converting nuns and presents examples that suggest how they could be circumvented. Exploring the potential of drawing on previously understudied texts, such as nuns’ supplications, the article calls for the integration of this specific manifestation of female devotion into the scholarship and teaching on women’s religious life in the early modern era.
    DOI: 10.3390/rel8110252
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  • 18
    Article
    Article
    Political economy as a test of modern Judaism. (2019)
    In:  Religions 10,2 (2019) pp 10
    Details
    ISSN: 2077-1444
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2019
    Titel der Quelle: Religions
    Angaben zur Quelle: 10,2 (2019) pp 10
    Keywords: Economics Religious aspects ; Judaism ; History ; Judaism History Modern period, 1750-
    Abstract: According to a common narrative, Jews entered the modern world at a steep price. From an autonomous corporation, ruling themselves internally according to their own standards and law, Judaism became a “religion,” divested of political power and responsible only for the internal sphere of “faith” or belief. The failure of this project, in turn, gave rise to the sharp split between Jewish nationalism and religion-based conceptions of Judaism. Many modern Jewish thinkers sought to resolve this antinomy by imagining ways for Judaism to once again form the basis of a “complete life”. This essay seeks to challenge this narrative by examining the extent to which economics, another one of the “spheres” emerging together with modernity and often considered under the same broadly Weberian process of rationalization, ever truly formed part of the holistic, self-contained Jewish autonomous life for which modern thinkers expressed so much nostalgia. It will argue that rather than forming part of the internal world of Judaism and then being fragmented outward into a separate sphere under the pressure of modernity, the “economic sphere” was imagined and defined for the first time in modernity, and projected backwards into earlier eras. This projection was then taken as proof of Judaism’s ability to “be about everything,” whether in a religious or nationalist idiom.
    DOI: 10.3390/rel10020078
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  • 19
    Article
    Article
    The future of post-Shoah christology : three challenges and three hopes. (2021)
    In:  Religions 12,6 (2021) pp 13
    Details
    ISSN: 2077-1444
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2021
    Titel der Quelle: Religions
    Angaben zur Quelle: 12,6 (2021) pp 13
    Keywords: Holocaust (Christian theology) ; Christianity and other religions Judaism 1945- ; History
    Abstract: Post-Shoah Christology is embedded in the unique relationship of Jews and Christians, especially Jesus’ Jewishness and the Jewish roots of Christianity, as well as Christian moral failures towards Jews before and during the Shoah. Essential for contemporary Christianity, a vibrant post-Shoah Christology confronts three main challenges, each demanding a different response. The first challenge is the reality that soon there will be no more first-generation witnesses to the Final Solution. Such is an inevitable challenge that has to be faced and prepared for. Religious pluralism is the second challenge, and includes a number of related threads, yet should ultimately be embraced. The third challenge is the (inevitable?) loss of memory, passion, and urgency, a willful forgetfulness by Christians towards the importance of the Jewish–Christian relationship, and especially, Christian failure in the Shoah. This challenge demands robust refutation and ongoing struggle. Before addressing these challenges, I will first further define and highlight the need for a post-Shoah Christology and will conclude this article with three general and three concrete hopes for a viable post-Shoah Christology.
    DOI: 10.3390/rel12060407
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