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  • 1
    Article
    Article
    In:  Refugees from Nazi-Occupied Europe in British Overseas Territories (2020) 100-118
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2020
    Titel der Quelle: Refugees from Nazi-Occupied Europe in British Overseas Territories
    Angaben zur Quelle: (2020) 100-118
    Keywords: Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) ; Jewish physicians History 20th century ; Jewish refugees ; New Zealand
    Abstract: Although often portrayed as a health paradise, there were many deficiencies in New Zealand medical services in the 1930s. Despite this situation, the New Zealand medical profession resisted the well-qualified refugee doctors, who wished to settle in what in the later 1930s looked to be a remote but safe corner of the world. With the outbreak of war, New Zealand’s government imposed a policy of isolation, so that arrival permits ceased to be issued. The New Zealand government, medical association and Otago University agreed to extend the time needed for “requalifying” from one to three years. Designated ‘enemy aliens’, the refugees were subject to selective internment and general restrictions. Many hospitals decided against employing ‘enemy aliens’ despite shortages of qualified doctors. This paper presents an analysis of the biographies of the select group of doctors who settled in New Zealand, which emerges as one of the most restrictive destinations in the world for refugee doctors from Nazi persecution.
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  • 2
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2020
    Titel der Quelle: Beyond Camps and Forced Labour
    Angaben zur Quelle: (2020) 11-30
    Keywords: Mengele, Josef, ; Auschwitz (Concentration camp) ; National socialism and medicine ; Twins ; Human experimentation in medicine
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  • 3
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2022
    Titel der Quelle: Social Science and Medicine
    Angaben zur Quelle: 309 (2022)
    Keywords: Amenorrhea ; Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) Influence ; Infertility, Female ; Jewish women in the Holocaust ; Holocaust survivors Interviews
    Abstract: Nuremburg trial evidence demonstrated that Nazis sought methods of mass sterilization of Jewish women. Immediately upon arrival at the concentration camps, over 98% of women stopped menstruating. There has been minimal investigation as to the cause(s) of amenorrhea, beyond malnutrition and trauma. The major objectives of this article are to 1) provide an alternate hypothesis to explain women's amenorrhea, i.e., surreptitious administration of exogenous hormones to women; 2) detail survivors' reproductive histories so as to demonstrate long-term sequellae, especially pregnancy losses; 3) provide women's subjective narratives of the short- and long-term experience of reproductive losses; 4) link women's amenorrhea, subsequent primary and secondary infertility and the evidence for the hypothesized causal mechanism, i.e., the administration of sex steroids which might have led to both immediate and long-term reproductive impacts. We conducted telephone interviews from 2018 to 2021 with Holocaust survivors internationally in 4 languages. We collected 93 testimonies from female Holocaust survivors (average age 92.5) or offspring who could provide complete reproductive histories for survivors. The interviews focused on reproductive histories, including amenorrhea beginning in 1942–45, subsequent attempts to conceive, numbers of pregnancies, miscarriages and stillbirths. Ninety-eight percent of women interviewed were unable to conceive or carry to term their desired number of children. Of 197 confirmed pregnancies, at least 48 (24.4%) ended in miscarriages, 13 (6.6%) in stillbirths and 136 (69.0%) in live births. The true number of pregnancy losses is likely much higher. Only 15/93 (16.1%) of women were able to carry more than two babies to term, despite most wanting more children desperately. Amenorrhea among Jewish women arriving at concentration camps was too uniform and sudden to be effected only by trauma and/or malnutrition. Survivors' narratives and historical evidence suggest the role of exogenous hormones, administered without women's knowledge to induce amenorrhea as well as subsequent primary and secondary infertility.
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