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  • Article  (5)
  • 2020-2024  (5)
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  • 1
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2023
    Titel der Quelle: Polish Review
    Angaben zur Quelle: 68,1 (2023) 75–89
    Keywords: Miłosz, Czesław Political and social views ; Poets, Polish ; Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945), in literature ; Warsaw (Poland) History Warsaw Ghetto Uprising, 1943
    Abstract: This article discusses five little-known texts by Czesław Miłosz that remained unpublished until 2020. Written between 1946 and 1968, they have been recovered from archival collections only recently and published in Miłosz's Z archiwum. Wybór publicystyki z lat 1945–2004 [From the archive: Selected journalistic writings, 1945–2004]. My discussion focuses on Miłosz's statements concerning the Holocaust, with particular emphasis on the Warsaw Ghetto uprising (April-May 1943). I argue that the testimonies left by Miłosz in the form of poems, essays, and journalism create a community of memory, while also revealing empathy and solidarity with the victims of genocidal violence. Miłosz emerges here not only as an eyewitness to the atrocities and a firm opponent of antisemitism, but also as a moral witness. Despite some controversies of a personal and political nature, a telling example of Miłosz's attitude towards the Jewish insurgents who died in Warsaw are his words in a 1979 letter to Jerzy Giedroyc: “I will not be able to cope with my life because an honest man should have gone to the Warsaw ghetto and died there.”
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  • 2
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2023
    Titel der Quelle: Polish Review
    Angaben zur Quelle: 68,1 (2023) 31-58
    Keywords: Ḳalonimus Ḳalmish ben Elimelekh, ; Piaseczno hasidim ; Exodus, The Psychological aspects ; Leadership Religious aspects ; Judaism
    Abstract: This article is an attempt at presenting the Holocaust sermons of Rabbi Kalonimus Kalman Shapiro not only as a religious text, but also as a testimony of communal, and above all personal development, which the religious community of the Warsaw Ghetto gathered around the Rabbi and he himself underwent in the years 1939–1942. Therefore, in order to cut through the religious, historical, communal, and personal layers of the text, I use diverse tools, including literary analysis of motifs repeatedly used by the author, contextualizing them in his religious discourse, and treating the sermons as an EGO document, despite its formal genre being remote from a personal text. By those means I wish to present not only a great theologian and leader, whose theodicy has come to fill postwar commentators with awe, but also a deeply dedicated person, who stands up to the challenge laid before him, despite the crushing circumstances, despite the philosophically unprecedented complexity, and despite his personal fears and concerns.
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  • 3
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2023
    Titel der Quelle: Polish Review
    Angaben zur Quelle: 68,1 (2023) 90-103
    Keywords: Miłosz, Czesław Criticism and interpretation ; Poets, Polish ; Polish drama History and criticism ; Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945), in literature
    Abstract: Controversy has come to be a predictable feature of Holocaust studies. It is hardly surprising, then, that a process of constructing a transnational canon of Holocaust drama, slowly unfolding in critical commentary since the premieres of Rolf Hochhuth's Der Stellvertreter [The deputy] and Peter Weiss's Die Ermittlung [The investigation] in the 1960s, has been fraught with accusations that this questionable project is as much about forgetting as about remembering. Some critics point out, for example, that it gives scant attention to plays written during World War II and in the first years of peace. Though such oversights may be innocent, they signal the hermeneutical difficulty of recognizing works that for various, often non-artistic reasons have been consigned to oblivion with barely a second glance. One consequence of the oversights is to render the history of Holocaust memory and representation partial, not to say misleading. In this article, I want to recover Czesław Miłosz's only play, Prolog [Prologue, 1942], from obscurity and to argue that this text, written in the bloodiest year of the Holocaust, circles around an unstated center, the Shoah, wrestling with questions that continue to resonate some eighty years later.
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  • 4
    Article
    Article
    In:  Polish Review 68,1 (2023) 59-74
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2023
    Titel der Quelle: Polish Review
    Angaben zur Quelle: 68,1 (2023) 59-74
    Keywords: Polish literature History and criticism 20th century ; Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945), in literature ; Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) ; Jewish ghettos
    Abstract: This article discusses depictions of the Warsaw ghetto in Polish poetry, prose fiction, and drama. Of all the ghettos established by the German authorities in the former Second Republic of Poland, the Warsaw ghetto is portrayed most frequently by writers. Here, representations of the Warsaw ghetto are presented in chronological order. The article covers portrayals of the Warsaw ghetto during the war, in the immediate postwar years, in the period between the 1950s and 1980s, and after the fall of communism in 1989. The article also discusses selected literary topoi related to the Warsaw ghetto. The biggest changes in the literary portrayal of the ghetto took place after 1989 and were related to the abolition of censorship, the influence of popular culture, and the emergence of writers born after the war, including representatives of the “third generation.”
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  • 5
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2023
    Titel der Quelle: Polish Review
    Angaben zur Quelle: 68,1 (2023) 8-30
    Keywords: Auerbach, Rachel ; Ringelblum-Archiv ; Jewish women in the Holocaust Biography ; Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) Personal narratives ; Yiddishists Biography ; Jewish women Diaries
    Abstract: This article examines Rachel Auerbach's journal which was commissioned by Emanuel Ringelblum as part of his project to document the daily life of the Jewish people in the Warsaw Ghetto. Auerbach, who ran a communal soup kitchen in the ghetto, was one of few survivors of the Oyneg Shabes group. After World War II, she was committed to unearth the Ringelblum archive and continued his mission of bearing witness to the Shoah by publishing her memoirs and working for Yad Vashem. Because her work is relatively little known in the United States, this paper first presents the author, her literary career, and her journal. Next, it situates the journal within the broader context of existing research on Holocaust diaries. The final section focuses on the textual aspects of the journal in order to demonstrate that the way Auerbach constructs her narrative—by means of literary devices, intertextual references, intimate details from her private life, and incisiveness of both her style and observation—contributes to an extremely powerful portrait of the atrocities of World War II, in all their horror. I argue not only that her journal should be available in English, but also that it deserves a place in the “canon” of classic diaries from the Warsaw Ghetto, such as Chaim A. Kaplan's or Abraham Lewin's.
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