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  • 1
    Language: Polish
    Year of publication: 2021
    Titel der Quelle: Kwartalnik Historii Żydów
    Angaben zur Quelle: 277 (2021) 15-89
    Keywords: Samuel, Criticism and interpretation ; Samuel, ; Hebrew poetry History and criticism ; Poetry, Medieval History and criticism ; Poets, Jewish Biography ; Autobiography in literature ; Jews Intellectual life ; Andalusia (Spain)
    Abstract: The article gives an insight into Šmuʾel Nagid’s life through the prism of the commentaries made both by Arabic and Jewish voices of his time and, most of all, his own poetic voice. Ha-Nagid (993–1056) – known also as Ismāʻīl Ibn al-Naġrīla – was a Jewish intellectual who rose to power and prominence in the Muslim city-state of Granada in the first half of the 11th century. His life story provides a rare example of the spectacular success and career advancement of a man who rose from scratch to become the most powerful man after the king (Badīs) and an admired leader of the Andalusian Jewry. I present, how his poetic works reflect those public aspects of his life, as well as the opposite ones – private and intimate. I confronted his testimonies with commentaries of the epoch – both Jewish and Arabic.The key to his success was an extraordinary diplomatic talent, which was,among many others, a virtue often praised. However, he was an object of hatred and racist attacks of Badīs’s opponents, while the whole city of Granada was despised by them as contaminated by Jews. What is more, Ha-Nagid received also some criticism from the Jewish elites for being an advocate for someone else’s cause. As an excellent poet, who showed a unique tendency of keeping a versified record of his life, he kept poetical track of events, commented on them and replied to the criticism in a fascinating manner in some of his autobiographic verse which were here analyzed.
    Note: With an English abstract.
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  • 2
    Language: Polish
    Year of publication: 2021
    Titel der Quelle: Kwartalnik Historii Żydów
    Angaben zur Quelle: 277 (2021) 197-239
    Keywords: Samuel, ; Samuel, Literary style ; Hebrew poetry History and criticism ; Poetry, Medieval History and criticism ; Metaphor in literature ; Battles in literature ; Apocalypse in literature ; Andalusia (Spain)
    Abstract: In medieval Hebrew epic poetry, descriptions of battles are a rare phenomenon. Although in the Hebrew Bible many military conflicts are mentioned, one can hardly find any detailed description of the course of the battle or battle phases, for instance. Apocalyptic narratives are exceptional in this respect: the battle of the End of the Days preceding the final redemption is described there. Among the literary means, Biblical metaphors and comparisons are of the highest rank in the Hebrew poetry of the era known as the Golden Age of Hebrew culture in the medieval Al-Andalus. On the other hand, Jewish poets of that era were familiar with the Arab poetry of the neo-classical period, and possibly were influenced also by their poetic language. In this context one may pose the question what is the role of the apocalyptic means of expression employed by Ha-Nagid in his battle poem ʾEloah ʿoz: whether the aim of the author was to reflect the course of the battle or – more probably – to depict the drama of the military confrontation and to provide emotive meanings. Finally, however, one cannot resist the impression that the apocalyptic means of expression dominate the story described in the poem, creating a picture that goes beyond the description of that particular historical event. Consequently, one may venture a hypothesis that in Ha-Nagid’s poem we are dealing with a battle perceived as a link in the chain of events, leading to a final redemption of the Jewish people
    Note: With an English abstract.
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  • 3
    Language: Polish
    Year of publication: 2021
    Titel der Quelle: Kwartalnik Historii Żydów
    Angaben zur Quelle: 277 (2021) 137-196
    Keywords: Samuel, Criticism and interpretation ; Hebrew poetry History and criticism ; Poetry, Medieval History and criticism ; Poets, Jewish ; Poets, Arab ; Troubadours ; Jews History 11th century ; Andalusia (Spain)
    Abstract: Unlike many other (especially later) Jewish homme de lettres of the time, Šmuʾel ha-Nagid (993–1056) was not a professional court poet. Therefore he did not have to write poetry on request and could afford more artistic freedom in choosing the genre, subject and literary character of the works he composed. This notwithstanding, his rich and varied poetry reflects certain tendencies typical of all medieval Jewish poetry written in Hebrew in al-Andalus. The paper offers a detailed typology of literary genres of medieval Hebrew poetry from Al-Andalus using ha-Nagid poems as an example to illustrate and reflect the wider phenomena of the birth and flourishing of secular Jewish poetry in the Middle Ages. In addition, it assesses his poetical oeuvre against the background of poetical works by other (Jewish and Muslim) poets of the time, highlighting those moments when he diverged from general trends and contributed to the development of new ones. The article also explores connections and mutual influences between Jewish-Arabic and Christian poetic legacy of the troubadours. Finally, it addresses the question of the position and role of women in the literary culture of al-Andalus
    Note: With an English abstract.
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  • 4
    Language: Polish
    Year of publication: 2021
    Titel der Quelle: Kwartalnik Historii Żydów
    Angaben zur Quelle: 277 (2021) 241-277
    Keywords: Samuel, Literary style ; Bible In literature ; Bible Quotations ; Hebrew poetry History and criticism ; Poetry, Medieval History and criticism ; Greek poetry Influence ; Allusions in literature ; Andalusia (Spain)
    Abstract: The Hebrew poets of medieval Spain are known for their artful approach to biblical allusion. Two types of such allusion stand out in the poetry of the period: the shibbutz – the art of weaving fragments of Biblical verses into the poem, and the remez – the practice of mentioning Biblical characters, places and events in the poem. Both were excessively used by Šmuʾel ha-Nagid (993–1056) – one of the most influential Jewish dignitaries and intellectuals of the epoque. The present article provides an overview of the poets’ use of shibbutzim and remazim, as well as a comparison of these types of biblical allusion to an analogous phenomenon in the literary tradition of the Homeric allusion, especially present in Hellenistic Greek poetry. This comparison sheds an interesting light on the use of canonical texts as intertexts – a phenomenon that, despite occurring independently in those two literary cultures, had similar foundations and functionality in both of them.
    Note: With an English abstract.
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