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  • 1
    Article
    Article
    In:  German History 18,2 (2000) 143-161
    Language: German
    Year of publication: 2000
    Titel der Quelle: German History
    Angaben zur Quelle: 18,2 (2000) 143-161
    Keywords: Jews History 1800-2000 ; Freemasonry ; Jews History
    Abstract: Between the end of the 18th century and 1914, the universalist and inclusive discourse of the Enlightenment turned into the exclusive discourse of nationalism and antisemitism. This process can be demonstrated in relation to the 19th-century Masonic lodges. The early lodges were conceived as fraternities, disregarding social cleavages and thus unifying humankind. Even then, many lodges opposed Jewish membership because of alleged Jewish "lack of sociability". The 1840s-70s saw a gradual increase in the participation of Jews in the lodges. From the 1880s to the 1910s an antisemitic, albeit not racist, mood permeated the lodges - religious Jews could not join, and potential Jewish members were expected to undergo a cultural conversion to Christianity. The number of Jewish Freemasons then decreased.
    Note: In German: "Juden, Bürger, Deutsche" (2001).
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  • 2
    Article
    Article
    In:  German History 19,3 (2001) 369-399
    Language: German
    Year of publication: 2001
    Titel der Quelle: German History
    Angaben zur Quelle: 19,3 (2001) 369-399
    Keywords: Koch, Ilse ; Buchenwald (Concentration camp) ; War crime trials ; Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945)
    Abstract: Examines the two postwar trials of Ilse Koch, wife of the commandant of Buchenwald, held in 1947 in Dachau by an American tribunal and in 1948-51 in Augsburg by a Bavarian court. Her name became synonymous with extreme cruelty and sadism even before the liberation of the camp. The image of Ilse Koch was demonized amongst survivors and in German public opinion - the latter due to two factors: she acted outside the apparatus of the party and the SS, without orders from above; and she was a woman who penetrated the domain of power reserved for men. Both trials failed to confirm some of the charges made against Koch, including her omnipotence in the camp and that she personally skinned tattooed male prisoners. The American military government pardoned her in June 1948. However, a societal consensus developed that demanded her prosecution. The German court sentenced her to life imprisonment in 1951.
    Note: A revised version appeared in German in "Gedächtnis und Geschlecht" (2002).
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  • 3
    Language: German
    Year of publication: 1997
    Titel der Quelle: German History
    Angaben zur Quelle: 15,1 (1997) 80-91
    Keywords: Goldhagen, Daniel Jonah. ; Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) Influence ; Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) Historiography
    Abstract: Contends that a book such as Goldhagen's "Hitler's Willing Executioners" could cause such a stir, in part, because scholars in Germany and other countries have been silent on many crucial aspects of the Holocaust. For this reason his book must not be ignored; rather, its defects must be discussed. Goldhagen's approach is simplistic and mono-causal - his one and comprehensive explanation of the Holocaust is the demonic antisemitism of the German people. Presenting the Holocaust as a unique event, he avoids comparisons and does not mention antisemitism in countries other than Germany, other genocides in this century, or even the fact that Jews were not the only victims of the Nazis. He also ignores a great number of scholarly works on this issue. Concludes that Goldhagen has done great damage to the study of the Holocaust; the negative reaction to his book in Germany makes serious discussion of many unresolved problems of German history which his book aroused impossible. See the response by Michael Pinto-Duschinsky [in "German History" 16 (1998) 397-411], in which he states that Goldhagen rejects German collective guilt and does discuss antisemitism in other countries and Nazi persecution of other groups; Wehler's criticism ignores what is actually in Goldhagen's book.
    Description / Table of Contents: Pinto-Duschinsky, Michael. Wehler on "Hitler's Willing Executioners"; a comment. Ibid. 16,3 (1998) 397-411.
    Note: On Daniel J. Goldhagen, "Hitler's Willing Executioners; Ordinary Germans and the Holocaust" (1996). , Appeared also in "Unwilling Germans? The Goldhagen Debate" (1998). An abridged German version appeared in "Die Zeit" (24 May 1996).
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