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  • 1
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2021
    Titel der Quelle: AJS Review
    Angaben zur Quelle: 45,1 (2021) 95-119
    Keywords: Benveniste, Samuel, ; Child rearing Religious aspects ; Judaism ; Jews History 15th century ; Jewish families Religious life ; History ; Jewish women History 16th century
    Abstract: ʾOrekh yamim (Length of days; Constantinople, 1560), a short book of guidelines on educating children and maintaining a religious and moral family life, was written by Rabbi Samuel Benveniste, who belonged to one of the communities of exiles from Spain in the sixteenth-century Ottoman Empire. This article analyzes the information that emerges from the guidebook on the state of education and family life in Jewish society of the time. Parents' great fear of child mortality and its effect on their educational conduct is prominent throughout the book, lending it its title. Although child mortality was equally prevalent in all parts of society, the article highlights the posttraumatic experience of Spanish exiles who lost many children in their travails, and suggests seeing the immense anxiety expressed in the essay against this background. In addition, Benveniste's admonitions concerning women's immorality, while characteristic of writings of his time, provide an interesting view of the social norms of his era: he depicts women's swearing by the lives of their children, their cursing, their wish to adorn themselves with jewelry, as well as the difficulties of their daily lives.
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  • 2
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2022
    Titel der Quelle: Jewish History
    Angaben zur Quelle: 36,1-2 (2022) 93-124
    Keywords: Messiah Judaism ; Jews History ; Jews Correspondence ; Jews History ; Lost tribes of Israel ; Shkloŭ (Belarus) ; Khanate of Bukhara
    Abstract: An exceptional correspondence took place between the Jews of Bukhara and those of Shklov in 1802–03. Neither community had known of the other’s existence beforehand, and it was only due to geopolitical changes that they discovered each other. The Jews of Shklov were sure that those of Bukhara belonged to the ten lost tribes. This excited them immensely and prompted them to write a letter, extraordinary in the information it includes, which they printed and disseminated around Europe. The importance of the correspondence originates from the need the Jews of Shklov felt to share copious information with the Jews of Bukhara about the flow of Jewish history after the ten tribes were exiled, the locations of Jewish communities in Europe and, in particular, the situation of their own community, which at the time was enjoying its golden age. The correspondence yields important and diverse historical information about messianic tension among East European Jews, their eagerness to find the ten tribes as a stimulus to the Redemption, their historical and geographic consciousness, their loyal attitude towards Russian rule, their economic situation, their status vis-à-vis the authorities, and additional matters. The article discusses these topics among others, analyzes the sources, and presents an annotated version of the correspondence with an English translation.
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  • 3
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2022
    Titel der Quelle: Revue des Etudes Juives
    Angaben zur Quelle: 181,3-4 (2022) 321-351
    Keywords: Duran, Profiat, ; Duran, Profiat, ; Tosafists ; Jewish philosophy Middle Ages, 500-1500 ; Talmud Torah (Judaism)
    Abstract: This study focuses on Perfeyt Duran’s novel doctrine that a Jew, through study of scriptures, can achieve life’s ultimate end and attain the afterlife. His thought is characterized by an anti-elitist approach that enables Jews who, for whatever reason, are incapable of lofty intellectual achievement – even conversos who are unable to participate in Jewish learning and rituals – to achieve the World to Come. The article includes discussion of various aspects of this topic in Duran’s thought, including the importance that he ascribes to the 'intention of the heart' in a person’s actions, and the four segulot (intrinsic powers or properties) that are associated with every Jew: the segula of the mitzvot, the segula of scripture, the segula of the Land of Israel, and the segula of the people of Israel. The study shows how these are used in the service of a conception meant to build a bridge across the chasm that had opened up separating the elite that would read his writings from the conversos and 'simple' Jews that were left in great distress following the riots of 1391, in doubt about the survival of their souls in the afterlife.
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  • 4
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2020
    Titel der Quelle: Sefarad
    Angaben zur Quelle: 79,2 (2020) 411-445
    Keywords: Aboab, Isaac, ; Jewish sermons History and criticism ; Jewish ethics 14th century
    Abstract: Jewish religious works written in the Iberian Peninsula were characterized by elitist writing until the end of the thirteenth century. Scholars of different religious orientations addressed their works to the elite class of sages and scholars. At the end of the Middle Ages, starting from the early fourteenth century there was a clear turning point in Jewish literary activity in Spain. It was expressed by non-elitist writing for two notable groups: writing for the general public that had limited knowledge (but was capable of using Torah literature presented and accessible to it in Hebrew) and writing that was intended for beginning studens. The first part of the article deals with the extent of the phenomenon and its characteristics in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries and even among the exiles after the Expulsion from Spain. The second part presents the phenomenon, regarding the writing for the general public, as reflected in Rabbi Isaac Aboab’s Menorat ha-Maor. The study of the book and its characteristics allows for a better understanding of the background and development of the phenomenon from a social and religious point of view. This part of the article deals with different aspects like the gap between available literature and social needs, the purpose of the sermon in society, the need of preachers for auxiliary literature, and also didactic aspects of Jewish literature at the end of the Middle Ages.
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