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  • 1
    Article
    Article
    Deuteronomy and the beginning of the Mosaic Torah. (2020)
    In:  The Challenge of the Mosaic Torah in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam (2020) 3-18
    Details
    ISBN: 9789004441897
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2020
    Titel der Quelle: The Challenge of the Mosaic Torah in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam
    Angaben zur Quelle: (2020) 3-18
    Keywords: Bible. Criticism, interpretation, etc. ; Bible. Authorship ; Date of authorship ; Bible. Evidences, authority, etc. ; Judaism History To 70 A.D.
    Abstract: The book of Deuteronomy played a central role in transformations that resulted in Mosaic Torah. It is commonly argued that the book results from a process of literary redactions, and it is the book in the hands of late 2nd Temple tradents, which made it central to later ideas of Jewish “book religion.” This article seeks to answer the following questions: When did Deuteronomy’s notion of book religion appear, by whom, and for what purpose? Central to these questions is the dating of the book’s remarks about writing down the Mosaic speech, which is the presupposition for the use of “Torah” as a comprehensive term. The article reassesses the different suggestions, then turning to the relation between oral proclamation and writing in the book, how the book legitimates oral teaching, and what it meant to the Jewish community in Persian-Hellenistic time to be accepted as Scripture. The final part addresses the question of the possible ideological and physical location of the authors.
    DOI: 10.1163/9789004441996_002
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  • 2
    Article
    Article
    The Mosaic Torah among the Samaritans : the tablets from divine essence. (2020)
    In:  The Challenge of the Mosaic Torah in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam (2020) 44-65
    Details
    ISBN: 9789004441897
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2020
    Titel der Quelle: The Challenge of the Mosaic Torah in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam
    Angaben zur Quelle: (2020) 44-65
    Keywords: Bible. Manuscripts, Samaritan ; Bible. Criticism, Textual ; Bible. Criticism, Redaction ; Dead Sea scrolls Criticism, Textual
    DOI: 10.1163/9789004441996_004
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  • 3
    Article
    Article
    Faustus and Augustine : a Manichaean-Catholic debate on the Mosaic Torah. (2020)
    In:  The Challenge of the Mosaic Torah in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam (2020) 169-187
    Details
    ISBN: 9789004441897
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2020
    Titel der Quelle: The Challenge of the Mosaic Torah in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam
    Angaben zur Quelle: (2020) 169-187
    Keywords: Augustine, ; Jewish law History ; Christianity and other religions Judaism Early church, ca. 30-600 ; History ; Manichaeism Relations ; Judaism
    Abstract: The Manichaean Bishop Faustus is one of the harshest critics of the Old Testament and Mosaic Torah in the first centuries AD. In his Capitula, he levels arguments against Catholic understanding and use of the Old Testament in general and Mosaic Torah in particular. Augustine, in his Contra Faustum Manichaeum, attacks against Faustus’ views and presents his own. Doing so, he formulates ideas that have lived further in Western theology, such as continuing worth of the Mosaic Torah even for the Christians, its correct understanding and use, and his later so famous doctrine of Jews as witnesses.
    DOI: 10.1163/9789004441996_009
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  • 4
    Article
    Article
    Rabbinic exegetical debates with Samaritans. (2020)
    In:  The Challenge of the Mosaic Torah in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam (2020) 205-216
    Details
    ISBN: 9789004441897
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2020
    Titel der Quelle: The Challenge of the Mosaic Torah in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam
    Angaben zur Quelle: (2020) 205-216
    Keywords: Bible. Criticism, interpretation, etc. ; Samaritans in rabbinical literature ; Judaism Relations
    Abstract: The earliest discussion between rabbis and Samaritans regarding the Bible is found in Sifre Deut 56: The Samaritans are accused to have falsified the Torah by adding “Shechem” to the text of Deut 11:30. More pervasive is the claim that the Samaritans falsify the meaning of the Torah through their interpretation, saying that the resurrection of the dead is not to be derived from the Torah, or rejecting levirate marriage, interpreting Deut 25:5 in a forced way in order to avoid any conflict with Lev 18.16. Direct discussions with Samaritans on the meaning of biblical texts are to be found in some midrashim. Here the “Samaritan” is simply a spokesman pointing to a possible contradiction between two biblical verses which has to be resolved. The rabbis claim that by changing from the paleo-Hebrew script of the Bible to the square script, the Jews have found access to the true meaning of the Torah. The Samaritans have maintained the older script and thus cannot understand the Torah correctly.
    DOI: 10.1163/9789004441996_011
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  • 5
    Article
    Article
    Jewish believers in Jesus and the Mosaic Law : the opinion of Justin Martyr. (2020)
    In:  The Challenge of the Mosaic Torah in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam (2020) 115-142
    Details
    ISBN: 9789004441897
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2020
    Titel der Quelle: The Challenge of the Mosaic Torah in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam
    Angaben zur Quelle: (2020) 115-142
    Keywords: Justin, ; Jewish Christians History Early church, ca. 30-600 ; Jewish law History ; Covenant theology History of doctrines Early church, ca. 30-600 ; Christianity and other religions Judaism Early church, ca. 30-600 ; History
    Abstract: In this article it is argued that Justin’s attitude toward the Mosaic Law is based on three fundamental factors all of which were based on earlier Christian tradition: Firstly, it was based on the prophetic prediction that the old Sinaitic covenant would be substituted by the new one, i.e. on Jer 31:31–34 which was an important key-text already used in the New Testament. Secondly, many Old Testament references to the hardness of the people’s heart against listening to the word of God was developed in the Second Temple Jewish texts to address the Jewish people’s unwillingness to listen to the word of God. In Christian theology this topic was developed as a reaction to the Jews’ unwillingness to accept the Christian message. Thirdly, Justin followed an apostolic tradition that Jewish believers in Jesus (“Nazoraeans”) have the right to continue to practise the Mosaic Law. Justin received all three of these topics from older Christian traditions and made a synthesis of them. This explains why there is a certain tension in Justin’s theology.
    DOI: 10.1163/9789004441996_007
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  • 6
    Article
    Article
    "Show me in the law" : the use of the argument of the law (Torah) in the dispute between the Muslim Emir and the patriarch Yuhannon. (2020)
    In:  The Challenge of the Mosaic Torah in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam (2020) 219-227
    Details
    ISBN: 9789004441897
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2020
    Titel der Quelle: The Challenge of the Mosaic Torah in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam
    Angaben zur Quelle: (2020) 219-227
    Keywords: Abrahamic religions Relations ; Abrahamic religions History To 1500
    Abstract: The dialogue between the Muslim Emir and the Patriarch Yuhannon is an important document of early Christian-Muslim dialogue. It may date back to the earliest days of the Islamic conquests of the Christian world on the eastern Mediterranean Sea. Even though this archaic text is no detailed and accurate protocol of discussion, it is significant for historical reasons. The text illustrates the milieu of Jewish-Christian-Muslim relations in the early time, when it was possible to hold a trialogue between the Abrahamic religions in a relatively positive atmosphere—later there was more tensions in these discussions.
    DOI: 10.1163/9789004441996_012
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  • 7
    Article
    Article
    "Circumcision of the heart" in Paul : from a metaphor of Torah obedience to a metaphor of Torah polemics?. (2020)
    In:  The Challenge of the Mosaic Torah in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam (2020) 88-112
    Details
    ISBN: 9789004441897
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2020
    Titel der Quelle: The Challenge of the Mosaic Torah in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam
    Angaben zur Quelle: (2020) 88-112
    Keywords: Paul, Criticism and interpretation ; New Testament. Criticism, interpretation, etc. ; New Testament. Relation to the Bible ; Jewish law New Testament teaching ; Circumcision Religious aspects ; Christianity and other religions Judaism Early church, ca. 30-600 ; History
    Abstract: It has often been claimed that a major difference between “Jewish Christianity” and “Pauline Christianity” was the continuation or discontinuation of male genital circumcision. Evidence for the abandonment of physical circumcision within “Pauline” circles has been drawn from Paul’s opposition against gentile circumcision in the letters to the Galatians and Corinthians, as well from his imagery of “circumcision of the heart” in Romans 2. However, a closer examination of the metaphor of “circumcision of the heart” and other images of “inward circumcision” in biblical, early Jewish and post-Pauline Christian texts shows that the Pauline use of the image stands closer to the early Jewish understanding, in which “inward” and “outward” circumcision complement each other, than to later Christian readings, in which the “inward” circumcision replaces or denigrates the “outward”. The Pauline metaphor of “heart circumcision” is therefore not an image of Tora abandonment, but rather of Tora obedience and can be placed well within the possible spectrum of other contemporary Jewish understandings of the metaphor.
    DOI: 10.1163/9789004441996_006
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  • 8
    Article
    Article
    Forgetting an epic battle - did the early Church understand the debate between Paul and his Judaistic opponents? : Preliminary notes on the role of the Torah in the early Church. (2020)
    In:  The Challenge of the Mosaic Torah in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam (2020) 141-168
    Details
    ISBN: 9789004441897
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2020
    Titel der Quelle: The Challenge of the Mosaic Torah in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam
    Angaben zur Quelle: (2020) 141-168
    Keywords: Paul, ; Marcion, ; Clement, ; Justin, ; Apostolic Fathers ; Church history Primitive and early church, ca. 30-600 ; Christianity and other religions Judaism Early church, ca. 30-600 ; History
    Abstract: The Apostle to the Gentiles left a winning but nonetheless difficult tradition behind. Paul taught that the Gentiles were not required to observe the Torah, but what exactly did that mean? If scholars disagree on Paul’s own view, the problem becomes even more acute when the various Jewish traditions on the Torah are observed properly. The “Old Testament” was accepted after Paul, but most of the rulings of the Torah were rejected, and few if any of the teachers could state the reasons for this. The original context, in which Paul and the other Apostles shook hands, was no longer understood once the Gentile part of the Church outnumbered the Jewish counterpart. This led writers to different, partly creative, solutions, and sometimes into a confusion which their first audience themselves could hardly understand.
    DOI: 10.1163/9789004441996_008
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  • 9
    Article
    Article
    The Torah in the Book of the Twelve Prophets. (2020)
    In:  The Challenge of the Mosaic Torah in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam (2020) 19-43
    Details
    ISBN: 9789004441897
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2020
    Titel der Quelle: The Challenge of the Mosaic Torah in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam
    Angaben zur Quelle: (2020) 19-43
    Keywords: Bible. Criticism, interpretation, etc. ; Bible. Relation to the Pentateuch
    Abstract: In this paper, I investigate the concept of Torah in relation to the coming into being of the Book of the Twelve. First, I study the fourteen occurrences of the substantive torah. Secondly, I study in more detail some of the passages in which the noun occurs: the book of Hosea (4:4–6; 8:1–3; 8:11–13); the book of Haggai (2:10–14) and Zechariah (7:7–14); the book of Malachi (2:4–9; 3:22–24). The tentative conclusion is that with regard to the theme of the Torah, the Book of the Twelve does not show a very coherent picture. Coherent lines can be drawn in the first place with works outside the Book of the Twelve. Within the Book of the Twelve, the word torah contains different meanings and connotations. As such, it does not contribute to the understanding of the book as an authorial unity. Although the possible redactors at several stages of the transmission process did not seem to feel it necessary to unify the conception of the Torah as a coherent conception, the different meanings and connotations might reveal something of the coming into being of the book.
    DOI: 10.1163/9789004441996_003
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  • 10
    Article
    Article
    What should a Christ-believer eat and what not? : food laws in the Gospels and Paul. (2020)
    In:  The Challenge of the Mosaic Torah in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam (2020) 69-87
    Details
    ISBN: 9789004441897
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2020
    Titel der Quelle: The Challenge of the Mosaic Torah in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam
    Angaben zur Quelle: (2020) 69-87
    Keywords: New Testament Criticism, interpretation, etc. ; Kashrut New Testament teaching ; Jewish law New Testament teaching
    Abstract: The paper demonstrates that there was no unequivocal rejection of the food laws of the Mosaic Torah in the Gospels and Paul. Different positions were taken concerning food habits in the early movement of the Christ-believers. The debate on food was embedded in a broader discourse about the connection between ritual and moral purity. This discourse was taken further by the Christ-believers, and it became a more serious challenge after the early communities integrated Christ-believers from non-Jewish heritage. Even Mark and Paul do not reject Jewish food laws as such, but they emphasize the ethical conditions of “eating together” over the ritual requirements which were seen not as part of the Mosaic Torah but merely as “human rules”. To God, “human rules” are not decisive, but moral behaviour is.
    DOI: 10.1163/9789004441996_005
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