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  • 1
    Article
    Article
    In:  Vichy, les Français et la Shoah; un état de la connaissance scientifique 212 (2020) 75-103
    Language: French
    Year of publication: 2020
    Titel der Quelle: Vichy, les Français et la Shoah; un état de la connaissance scientifique
    Angaben zur Quelle: 212 (2020) 75-103
    Keywords: Catholic Church History 20th century ; Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) ; World War, 1939-1945 Deportations from France ; France Politics and government 1940-1945
    Abstract: This article focuses on a key episode of anti-Jewish persecution in German-occupied France. In the summer of 1942, a small number of high-ranking dignitaries from the Catholic Church played an important role in stopping a carefully planned deportation scheme that started in earnest with the roundups in Paris and resulted in the internment of thousands of Jews in the infamous Vélodrome d’Hiver stadium. The paper specifically addresses the Catholic church’s paradoxical response. While these religious figures did offer stiff and determined resistance, the Church remained indifferent and inarticulate when anti-Jewish legislation and discrimination was initiated by both German occupation authorities and their Vichy collaborators in late 1940. The article contends that it was not despite but because of the Church’s crucial political role, which served as a main pillar of the Vichy regime, that the intervention against the deportations turned out to be powerful and effective. Moreover, the paper clarifies that Vichy was fully committed to collaborating with the SS and Gestapo apparatus and implementing the deportation scheme and that it did not take any initiative to stop the transfer of Jews to the German persecutors, resulting in the mass murder of approximately 76,000 men, women, and children.
    Note: With an English abstract.
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  • 2
    Article
    Article
    In:  Vichy, les Français et la Shoah; un état de la connaissance scientifique 212 (2020) 185-214
    Language: French
    Year of publication: 2020
    Titel der Quelle: Vichy, les Français et la Shoah; un état de la connaissance scientifique
    Angaben zur Quelle: 212 (2020) 185-214
    Keywords: Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) Public opinion ; French Attitudes 20th century ; History ; Antisemitism History 20th century
    Abstract: The vast historical record on the complex attitudes of the French population regarding Jewish persecution during the Second World War is rarely explored. Since the end of the war, the sensitivity of the subject has blurred the lines between memory and historiography. Depending on the period in question, the topic has been either obscured or overly simplified, leading to a value judgment. Tracing this two-fold development makes it possible to set aside the heavy burden of memory and go beyond the contradictory visions of France as either an anti-Semitic society or one that would have “saved” the Jews—all while adhering to the chronology of the French occupation and accounting for its evolving nature.
    Note: With an English abstract.
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  • 3
    Article
    Article
    In:  Vichy, les Français et la Shoah; un état de la connaissance scientifique 212 (2020) 233-253
    Language: French
    Year of publication: 2020
    Titel der Quelle: Vichy, les Français et la Shoah; un état de la connaissance scientifique
    Angaben zur Quelle: 212 (2020) 233-253
    Keywords: Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) ; Jewish youth History 20th century ; Scouts (Youth organization members) ; France Politics and government 1940-1945
    Abstract: On May 1, 1941, the French Jewish Scouts, the Éclaireurs Israélites de France, took part in official celebrations in front of Maréchal Pétain’s residence in Vichy. Invitations to include the Jewish Scouts in the parades had not been sent out in error. On the contrary, from its inception, the Vichy government included the Jewish Scouts, along with the Catholic, Protestant and Secular Scouting Federations, in Scoutisme Français, the regime’s only recognized scouting association. Jewish participation in Vichy’s ideological programs was not confined solely to scouting. Rather, between 1940 and 1942, the regime invited young French Jews across the non-Occupied Zone to take part in a host of new initiatives alongside their non-Jewish peers that aimed to revive the nation in the aftermath of the national defeat to Germany. During the initial years of the Occupation, the presence of young Jews in official ceremonies and in Vichy-inspired youth movements appears in stark contrast to the now familiar images of Jewish exclusions orchestrated by the regime.Following its creation in the wake of the armistice with Nazi Germany in the summer of 1940, the sovereign Vichy government enacted a series of legislative decrees that aimed to exclude Jews from the rest of the national community. The anti-Jewish statutes of October 1940 and June 1941 removed Jews from civic and liberal professions. In March 1941, following German demands, Vichy created its own Agency for Jewish Affairs that was led by the notorious anti-Semite Xavier Vallat…
    Note: With an English abstract.
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  • 4
    Article
    Article
    In:  Vichy, les Français et la Shoah; un état de la connaissance scientifique 212 (2020) 33-57
    Language: French
    Year of publication: 2020
    Titel der Quelle: Vichy, les Français et la Shoah; un état de la connaissance scientifique
    Angaben zur Quelle: 212 (2020) 33-57
    Keywords: Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) ; Jews Legal status, laws, etc. ; France Politics and government 1940-1945
    Abstract: On October 1, 1940, the Council of Ministers of the Vichy regime passed its first round of anti-Jewish legislation. These measures concluded a three-month period during which the new regime explored various strategies to implement an anti-Jewish policy. This had been the goal of the regime since its inception and was part of the so-called “National Revolution” program. While various laws were promulgated as a means to target both French and foreign Jews, the Vichy government sent an increasing number of signals regarding its intentions until it ultimately had to compete with the Germans, who decided to implement their own anti-Jewish laws in the occupied zone.
    Note: With an English abstract.
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  • 5
    Language: French
    Year of publication: 2020
    Titel der Quelle: Vichy, les Français et la Shoah; un état de la connaissance scientifique
    Angaben zur Quelle: 212 (2020) 153-181
    Keywords: Laval, Pierre, ; Lévy, Claude, Correspondence ; Chambrun, René de, Correspondence ; World War, 1939-1945 Deportations from France ; Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945)
    Abstract: La Grande Rafle du Vél d’Hiv by Claude Lévy and Paul Tillard was published in May 1967. This inquiry about the roundup that took place in Paris on July 16, 1942 caused a sensation (enthusiastic press, strong sales, etc.). What it revealed shocked public opinion—especially the role the Vichy head of government, Pierre Laval, played in handing over thousands of Jewish children born in France to the Nazis. For the first time, the anti-Semitic crimes of the Pétainist regime were widely covered by the media. Laval’s son-in-law, René de Chambrun, was incensed by the book and wrote to one of the authors, Claude Lévy. Lévy responded. These letters showcased the revisionist rhetoric about Vichy’s anti-Jewish policy that was popular in 1967. At the time, new information was emerging thanks to researchers who saw it as their role to speak on behalf of the victims. This article provides a historical context to these letters and examines this period, which had a pivotal effect on both history and memory.
    Note: With an English abstract.
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  • 6
    Article
    Article
    In:  Vichy, les Français et la Shoah; un état de la connaissance scientifique 212 (2020) 59-74
    Language: French
    Year of publication: 2020
    Titel der Quelle: Vichy, les Français et la Shoah; un état de la connaissance scientifique
    Angaben zur Quelle: 212 (2020) 59-74
    Keywords: Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) ; World War, 1939-1945 Collaborationists ; France Politics and government 1940-1945
    Abstract: The reaction of the French and the country’s administration to the German occupation during WWII is too often reduced to either collaboration or resistance. However, recent Holocaust research has shown that European societies both contributed to and benefited from the persecution of Jews without necessarily being pro-German. By focusing on France, Michael Mayer demonstrates that the German concept of occupation was based on the fact that Germany could not implement the Holocaust in France without a relatively high degree of French cooperation. Furthermore, he shows that the French administration took German anti-Semitic measures into their own hands in 1940 and 1941. Through this strategy, the French were able to curb German influence in France at the expense of the persecuted. At the same time, the Vichy government enacted its own anti-Semitic policies that were aimed at segregating French Jews through race-specific legislation.In 1940 and 1941, the relationship between France and Germany oscillated between a surprisingly high degree of cooperation (despite the French government’s generally anti-German attitude) and the relatively large room for maneuver that the Vichy government used to implement French anti-Semitic policies. However, from 1942 on, the German occupational policy increasingly curtailed France’s semi-autonomous status. In the end, Vichy France was no more than a half-hearted participant in the Holocaust.
    Note: With an English abstract.
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  • 7
    Article
    Article
    In:  Vichy, les Français et la Shoah; un état de la connaissance scientifique 212 (2020) 121-151
    Language: French
    Year of publication: 2020
    Titel der Quelle: Vichy, les Français et la Shoah; un état de la connaissance scientifique
    Angaben zur Quelle: 212 (2020) 121-151
    Keywords: Laval, Pierre, ; Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) ; World War, 1939-1945 Collaborationists ; France Politics and government 1940-1945
    Abstract: The young Pierre Laval, a revolutionary socialist who challenged the bourgeois French Republic’s claim to universality, did not see himself as anti-Semitic—quite the contrary. Mocked for his looks and accused of being an immigrant, he decided to take advantage of his rumored Jewish heritage, even if it meant adhering to an essentialist vision. To him, being Jewish was a sort of alter ego that cast him as a victim of the elites’ contempt—no different from the humble Auvergnat. This identity made him incapable of hating or harming others.However, social climber that he was, the young man became a member of Parliament (1914), then mayor of Aubervilliers (1923) and a senator. He began weaponizing anti-Semitic prejudice and hatred for his opponents as early as WWI and the 1920s. The defeat in 1940 led him to radicalize both his viewpoints and actions. The “Toppler of the Republic” used unabashed xenophobia to justify institutional reform on July 10. The policy of collaboration he created on his own anticipated the Nazis’ expectations in terms of anti-Semitic legislation (Jewish Statutes, October 3). When he returned to government office in April 1942, Laval helped the police tasked with deporting foreign Jews to the occupied territory and deporting anyone in the socalled Free Zone. Although he refused to hand over his fellow citizens, signifying the sovereignty of his government, and taking into account the unpopularity of such a policy, he only belatedly opposed plans regarding the massive denaturalization of French Jews. He eventually offered to hand over Jewish children, knowing perfectly well what would happen to them. During his trial, the man who behaved so long without principles appeared remorseless.
    Note: With an English abstract.
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  • 8
    Article
    Article
    In:  Vichy, les Français et la Shoah; un état de la connaissance scientifique 212 (2020) 215-231
    Language: French
    Year of publication: 2020
    Titel der Quelle: Vichy, les Français et la Shoah; un état de la connaissance scientifique
    Angaben zur Quelle: 212 (2020) 215-231
    Keywords: Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) ; Freemasonry History 20th century
    Abstract: This article offers a step-by-step account of the application of several discriminatory laws that affected the Ministry of Agriculture, an unremarkable and technical ministry within the Vichy regime. Assistant General Secretary René Huguet was essentially the sole person in charge of this process. Out of tens of thousands of employees, only 34 were identified as Jewish. Seventeen were immediately fired as a result of the First Jewish Statute of October 1940. Two employees were laid off at a later date, and two more were fired as part of the more severe Second Statute of June 1941. In total, 24 were laid off, and ten were retained. Documents in the National Archives of France reveal that Huguet and the various department heads adhered to the regulations as instructed by the government but did not do so enthusiastically. Responses to inquests from the Commissariat-General for Jewish Affairs were slow and factual. In contrast, Huguet was overzealous in his persecution of Freemasons, and his actions were sometimes harsher than required by law. He complained to the government that Masonic dignitaries were not treated as repressively as Jews. Regarding women, however, Huguet expressed clear opposition to the laws intended to force them out of public service. He managed to reverse the regulations in favor of women who opted to retire early. This study demonstrates that ministries, particularly the technical ones, enjoyed significant independence when implementing the regime’s discriminatory laws.
    Note: With an English abstract.
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  • 9
    Article
    Article
    In:  Vichy, les Français et la Shoah; un état de la connaissance scientifique 212 (2020) 295-318
    Language: French
    Year of publication: 2020
    Titel der Quelle: Vichy, les Français et la Shoah; un état de la connaissance scientifique
    Angaben zur Quelle: 212 (2020) 295-318
    Keywords: Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) Historiography
    Abstract: Who owns history? “Everyone and no one,” was the US historian Eric Foner’s assessment in 2003. Noting a deep fissure between academic and public discourse on slavery, the Civil War, and the Reconstruction era, Foner urged historians to reinvigorate their engagement with public history. Almost two decades later, in the wake of an anti-globalization backlash and resurgent anti-Semitism, Foner’s worries apply even more so to the Holocaust. Perhaps the most contentious field of history, it truly haunts us. Innovative research on this seminal twentieth-century event thrives as never before. As reflected in the pages of the Revue, the opening of Soviet archives and a globalized commemorative culture centered on the Holocaust have contributed to shifting scholarly attention from Germany to eastern Europe. A state-directed mass crime carried out by the Third Reich, the genocide of the Jews, and the targeting of Soviet POWs, Slavs, LGBTQ, Roma and Sinti, and the disabled could not have occurred without the participation, tacit support, and inertia of millions of non-Germans. Paradoxically, scholars who point to the complexity of these social relations have never been so harshly criticized throughout eastern Europe as they are now. Poland, Ukraine, and other countries have increasingly developed official memory politics that often consider local populations as victims caught between Hitler and Stalin. In the face of scholarly discourse stifled by aggressive public voices, we historians must bridge this gap…
    Note: With an English abstract.
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  • 10
    Article
    Article
    In:  Vichy, les Français et la Shoah; un état de la connaissance scientifique 212 (2020) 255-274
    Language: French
    Year of publication: 2020
    Titel der Quelle: Vichy, les Français et la Shoah; un état de la connaissance scientifique
    Angaben zur Quelle: 212 (2020) 255-274
    Keywords: Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) ; Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) Influence ; World War, 1939-1945 Deportations from France ; Prosopography ; Vaucluse (France : Department)
    Abstract: Prosopography—in Lawrence Stone’s influential definition, “the investigation of the common background characteristics of a group of actors in history by means of a collective study of their lives”—has, in recent years, continued to gain in popularity and is being applied by historians of all periods to answer an ever-increasing number of questions on a wide range of topics. Historians of the Holocaust have not been absent from adopting this approach. Christopher Browning’s classic Ordinary Men can be seen as a qualitative collective biography of one group of German perpetrators. More recently, Nicolas Mariot and Claire Zalc have mixed quantitative and qualitative approaches in their study of 991 Jewish victims from Lens.Some authors believe that it is a mistake to try to define prosopography as either a quantitative or a qualitative approach since, in their view, it is both. They would, therefore, almost certainly object to the use of the adjective “quantitative” to describe the particular form of prosopography used here. In many ways, their objection would be warranted because prosopography is, in fact, a hybrid of sorts: a qualitative approach is used to extract the information contained in the sources, while a quantitative one is at the heart of the statistical analyses performed on the collected data. In this case, however, the qualifier is appropriate because of the preponderant role played by quantification in the study.By collecting and analyzing vast quantities of data on the individuals belonging to the group being investigated, the particular traits and characteristics of that population as a whole become visible…
    Note: With an English abstract.
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