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  • 1
    Article
    Article
    In:  The Evil Inclination in Early Judaism and Christianity (2021) 33-48
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2021
    Titel der Quelle: The Evil Inclination in Early Judaism and Christianity
    Angaben zur Quelle: (2021) 33-48
    Keywords: Bible. Versions ; Septuagint ; Theology ; Bible Translating ; Yetzer hara (Judaism)
    Abstract: One of the questions in the debate regarding the yeṣer is the point in time at which one can speak of a fully developed rabbinic notion of an Evil Inclination in opposition to a Good Inclination. The answer is in part dependent on identifying its forerunners. While there is a concept of a yeṣer in the Hebrew Bible, it is not an internal disposition or entity in the way it is in later rabbinic tradition. The noun yeṣer, as a derivative of the verb y-ṣ-r, denotes in the Hebrew Bible something that is created, and in some passages refers to what is created by the mind or heart, which might simply be interpreted as a thought.
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  • 2
    Article
    Article
    In:  The Evil Inclination in Early Judaism and Christianity (2021) 186-200
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2021
    Titel der Quelle: The Evil Inclination in Early Judaism and Christianity
    Angaben zur Quelle: (2021) 186-200
    Keywords: Yetzer hara (Judaism) ; Apocryphal books (New Testament) Criticism, interpretation, etc. ; Christianity and other religions Judaism Early church, ca. 30-600 ; History
    Abstract: If one wishes to look for parallels to the rabbinic yeṣer in Christian Apocrypha one must first know what these Apocrypha are. This, however, is far from easy. According to the most widespread understanding of the word, “the (Christian) apocrypha are texts with the ambition of belonging to the biblical writings but without being included into the canon.” This meaning of the word “apocryphon” originated with Protestants in the seventeenth century during the theological debates with Catholics and, as time went on, a corpus (we could almost say, a canon) of apocryphal writings came into being. The notion, however, raises a number of problems: the majority of Apocrypha were not intended to become “canonic” (their titles were often added only afterwards); when the early Apocrypha were written the canon had not yet been created; according to this definition no Apocryphon could have been written after the closing of the canon, but many writings composed much later are considered as such; this notion is not an academic but a theological one, and its meaning varies according to the theological conviction of a given religious community (for example, OT Apocrypha are not the same for Catholics and Protestants).
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  • 3
    Article
    Article
    In:  The Evil Inclination in Early Judaism and Christianity (2021) 262-279
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2021
    Titel der Quelle: The Evil Inclination in Early Judaism and Christianity
    Angaben zur Quelle: (2021) 262-279
    Keywords: Sin Christianity Early church, ca. 30-600 ; History of doctrines ; Yetzer hara (Judaism) ; Christian literature, Early Syriac authors ; History and criticism
    Abstract: The Syriac term yaṣrā, “inclination,” “urge,” “wilfulness,” and its use in Syriac texts, has not until recently been the subject of any detailed study, and this is perhaps surprising not only because of its interest for an understanding of early Syriac Christian thought, but also for its potential contribution to discussions of the origins and development of Jewish concepts of the yeṣer.
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  • 4
    Article
    Article
    In:  The Evil Inclination in Early Judaism and Christianity (2021) 1-12
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2021
    Titel der Quelle: The Evil Inclination in Early Judaism and Christianity
    Angaben zur Quelle: (2021) 1-12
    Keywords: Yetzer hara (Judaism)
    Abstract: So Strack and Billerbeck began their excursus on the yeṣer in their influential Kommentar zum Neuen Testament aus Talmud und Midrasch. They attempt to trace the origins of the rabbinic concept of an internal struggle between two forces within the human being, one inclination that is good and one that is evil, finding an equivalent in earlier Hellenistic concepts. Their comments exemplify two of the major methodological weaknesses that dogged earlier scholarship on the Evil Inclination – a tendency on the one hand to read rabbinic sources from different times and places as an undifferentiated synthesis, and an overenthusiasm for perceiving in superficial similarities concrete parallels and the marks of direct borrowings, on the other.
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  • 5
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2021
    Titel der Quelle: The Evil Inclination in Early Judaism and Christianity
    Angaben zur Quelle: (2021) 294-314
    Keywords: Talmud Bavli Criticism, interpretation, etc. ; Yetzer hara (Judaism) ; Manichaeism Relations ; Judaism ; Zoroastrianism Relations ; Judaism
    Abstract: The rabbinic yeṣer (or yeṣer haraʽ) is situated at the crossroads of psychology and demonology. On the one hand, it conceptualizes the internal human desire to sin and, on the other, it personalizes and reifies evil. Thus, while the yeṣer is imagined in rabbinic sources as an internal disposition or inclination toward sinfulness, it is, at the same time, portrayed as a very “real” demonic entity intruding into the bodies and souls of humans.
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  • 6
    Article
    Article
    In:  The Evil Inclination in Early Judaism and Christianity (2021) 65-94
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2021
    Titel der Quelle: The Evil Inclination in Early Judaism and Christianity
    Angaben zur Quelle: (2021) 65-94
    Keywords: Ethiopic book of Enoch Criticism, interpretation, etc. ; Ethiopic book of Enoch Relation to Genesis ; Theological anthropology in post-biblical literature
    Abstract: The creation of “Adam” by God in Gen 2:7 is nowhere cited or alluded to in 1 Enoch. Nevertheless, among the early materials of 1 Enoch, especially the Book of Watchers, a comparable theological anthropology can be discerned. The following discussion will argue that the significance of the human being within the Enoch tradition can be profitably placed in conversation with the early chapters of Genesis. In particular, we shall take the core units of the Book of Watchers (1 Enoch 6–11 and 12–16) as a point of departure, before examining its reception in several further texts found in other parts of 1 Enoch.
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  • 7
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2021
    Titel der Quelle: The Evil Inclination in Early Judaism and Christianity
    Angaben zur Quelle: (2021) 247-261
    Keywords: Evagrius, Criticism and interpretation ; Guillaumont, Antoine ; Sin Christianity Early church, ca. 30-600 ; History of doctrines ; Yetzer hara (Judaism)
    Abstract: In a book exploring the Jewish concept of the Evil Inclination and its influence, a chapter focused on λογισμοί (roughly, “thoughts”) in the writings of Evagrius Ponticus might seem counterintuitive, at least initially: contemporary scholarship has preferred to search Evagrius’ writings for evidence of Classical and post-Classical Greek philosophy and, to a lesser extent, antecedent Christian literature. In terms of this agenda, exploring Evagrius’ connections with Jewish thinking would seem at best a low priority and at worst a fool’s errand. A minor, but typical, indication of these preconceptions at work can be seen in discussions regarding the attribution of a brief tract “On the Tetragrammaton” preserved in Christian scholia on Job.
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  • 8
    Article
    Article
    In:  The Evil Inclination in Early Judaism and Christianity (2021) 315-330
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2021
    Titel der Quelle: The Evil Inclination in Early Judaism and Christianity
    Angaben zur Quelle: (2021) 315-330
    Keywords: Bible. Versions ; Yetzer hara (Judaism) in post-biblical literature
    Abstract: The purpose of this chapter is to examine if and how the Targums to the Writings make use of the concept of the Evil Inclination (yeṣer hara‘). Research on the Evil Inclination has focused mainly on texts from the Talmud and Midrash – and rightly so. It is worthwhile, though, including the corpus of Aramaic Targums in discussions about rabbinic concepts, because these contain valuable information about Jewish interpretations of Scripture compiled over many centuries, primarily throughout the first millennium CE. As such, Targums reflect, at times, how some rabbinic concepts were perceived, thus affording one more perspective through which to understand the concept under scrutiny.
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  • 9
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2021
    Titel der Quelle: The Evil Inclination in Early Judaism and Christianity
    Angaben zur Quelle: (2021) 212-231
    Keywords: Augustine, ; Bible. Criticism, interpretation, etc., Christian Early church, ca. 30-600 ; History ; Sin Christianity Early church, ca. 30-600 ; History of doctrines
    Abstract: In debate with his theological opponents, especially the Pelagians, Augustine came to formulate an account of the natures and origins of two different kinds of human sin: “original sin,” and individual, personal sins. The former referred to Adam and Eve’s primal disobedience, which was biologically transmitted to all their descendants through concupiscence, and guilt for which was shared by all from birth. The latter encompassed the wide range of sins committed individually by humans. Augustine took care to distinguish between these two categories of sin, as, for example, in a treatise dating to about 411, On the Deserts of Sinners and Infant Baptism.
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  • 10
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2021
    Titel der Quelle: The Evil Inclination in Early Judaism and Christianity
    Angaben zur Quelle: (2021) 280-293
    Keywords: Sin Christianity Early church, ca. 30-600 ; History of doctrines ; Sin Judaism ; In literature ; Yetzer hara (Judaism) ; Christian literature, Early Syriac authors ; History and criticism ; Religious poetry History and criticism ; Body and soul in literature
    Abstract: This chapter examines a group of liturgical poems in Hebrew, Jewish Palestinian Aramaic, and Syriac that focus on the issues of evil, sin, and yeṣer. The poems portray a dispute between the body and the soul, each of whom tries to convict the other of responsibility for the person’s sins. Each side in the dispute addresses its opponent, and at times also God, and brings proofs and arguments that exemplify its own innocence and the other’s guilt. The poems, Jewish and Christian alike, share the same verdict: both body and soul are responsible for sins, and both should be punished. These poetic disputes are one more example of the rich interaction between Jewish and Christian liturgical poetry in the late antique Near East, and their roots go back to ancient Mesopotamian literature.
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