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  • 1
    Article
    Article
    Poland's Nuremberg : the seven court cases of the Supreme National Tribunal, 1946-1948. (2010)
    In:  Holocaust and Genocide Studies 24,1 (2010) 1-25
    Details
    ISSN: 8756-6583
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2010
    Titel der Quelle: Holocaust and Genocide Studies
    Angaben zur Quelle: 24,1 (2010) 1-25
    Keywords: War crime trials ; Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) ; Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) Influence
    Abstract: The first Polish war crime trials took place as early as fall 1944, following the August decree on war crimes issued by the Committee for National Liberation in Lublin. Polish representatives were not admitted to serve on the International Military Tribunal at Nuremberg, and this fact, especially given the magnitude of the Nazi destruction in Poland, drove Poland to establish its own Supreme National Tribunal (NTN). In 1946-48 the NTN heard the cases of 49 Nazi perpetrators; the genocide of Jews in Poland and the extermination camps were in the focus of the proceedings. The NTN trials were not flawless in their administration of justice, e.g. the stipulation of the illegality of the Nazi regime and the use of such concepts as criminal association and criminal intent made all German functionaries who had served in Poland war criminals. Nevertheless, the NTN's proceedings applied conventional legal standards comparable to those used in Western courts and investigated each case comprehensively on its own merits. The trials of 1946-48 also had a political goal: to enhance the legitimacy of the communist government within Poland and to show the outer word that postwar Poland functioned according to international legal norms.
    DOI: 10.1093/hgs/dcq001
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  • 2
    Article
    Article
    Male and female Holocaust perpetrators and the East German approach to justice, 1949-1963. (2010)
    In:  Holocaust and Genocide Studies 24,1 (2010) 56-84
    Details
    ISSN: 8756-6583
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2010
    Titel der Quelle: Holocaust and Genocide Studies
    Angaben zur Quelle: 24,1 (2010) 56-84
    Keywords: War crime trials ; Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) ; Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) Influence ; Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) Influence
    Abstract: Examines two trials of Nazi perpetrators of the Holocaust held in the GDR: the trial of Bruno Sämisch, held in 1951, and that of the couple Horst and Erna P., held in 1961-62. All three defendants were accused of killing civilians, Jewish and non-Jewish, including women and children, in wartime Eastern Galicia (now in Ukraine). Both cases highlight East German investigation methods and the prosecutors' use of evidence, while the second case affords an opportunity to consider gendered aspects of wartime crimes and postwar trials. Examines how evolving political consideration in 1949-62 affected investigations, judicial processes, and sentences, e.g. in the early 1960s the GDR was eager to demonstrate that its investigative and juridical procedures in war criminal cases were more thorough than those in West Germany. Notes that, from a quantitative standpoint, the record of East German justice is poor: hundreds, perhaps thousands of lower-level perpetrators who ended up in the GDR were never called to account.
    DOI: 10.1093/hgs/dcq003
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  • 3
    Article
    Article
    Dissension in the face of the Holocaust : the 1941 American debate over antisemitism. (2010)
    In:  Holocaust and Genocide Studies 24,1 (2010) 85-116
    Details
    ISSN: 8756-6583
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2010
    Titel der Quelle: Holocaust and Genocide Studies
    Angaben zur Quelle: 24,1 (2010) 85-116
    Keywords: Council for Democracy ; Antisemitism History 20th century ; Antisemitism History 1933-1945 ; Jews History 1939-1945 ; Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) Influence
    Abstract: In 1941 the Council for Democracy, and especially one of its leaders, political scientist Carl J. Friedrich, sponsored a debate on the causes and appropriate responses to antisemitism. A questionnaire was distributed among prominent American intellectuals and Jewish leaders. The answers revealed a certain naïveté concerning the origins, nature, and intensity of American antisemitism among the respondents and the Council members, as well as a measure of disagreement among them. Most of the participants in the debate depicted American antisemitism as foreign-imposed. Many of them regarded it as a product of reactionary attitudes and forces, while theoreticians of the Frankfurt School (Horkheimer, Neumann, etc.) interpreted it as part of recent social and political development in Germany and worldwide. The participants downplayed the role of antisemitism in Nazi ideology; some of them shared the racist and antisemitic views of their time, and explicitly or implicitly lay the responsibility for this phenomenon on the Jews themselves. Their resulting pamphlet, "Nazi Poison", as well as their other publications and broadcasts, characterized antisemitism as a foreign import and as part of Nazi Germany's broader threat to democracy, Christianity, and Western civilization.
    DOI: 10.1093/hgs/dcq004
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  • 4
    Article
    Article
    The Holocaust through the prism of East German television : collective memory and audience perceptions. (2006)
    In:  Holocaust and Genocide Studies 20,1 (2006) 57-79
    Details
    ISSN: 8756-6583
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2006
    Titel der Quelle: Holocaust and Genocide Studies
    Angaben zur Quelle: 20,1 (2006) 57-79
    Keywords: Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) Influence ; Mass media
    Abstract: Despite the fact that ca. 90% of East Germans regularly watched West German television in the 1970s-80s, their perception of the Holocaust (as well as of some other aspects of World War II history) clearly differed from that of West Germans. In particular, they assigned much less significance to the Holocaust than did West Germans. Television viewer surveys conducted in the GDR from 1968 on show that, although East Germans also watched West German TV, they were influenced by the East German programs on the Holocaust. Examines the most prominent East German programs that dealt with the Holocaust, e.g. the dramas "Dr. Schlüter" (1966), "Die Bilder des Zeugen Schattmann" (1972), and "Die Gesetzesfalle" (1978), and programs commemorating the "Kristallnacht" pogrom. Between the 1960s-80s, the ideological message of the heroic communists was disappearing from the screen, but the communist theory of antisemitism continued to appear in GDR mass culture. The distinct collective memory of the Holocaust, as well as the ignorance of the younger generation on this topic, can be attributed not only to the class-based interpretation of the Holocaust in the GDR, but also to the lack of public discussion.
    DOI: 10.1093/hgs/dcj003
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  • 5
    Article
    Article
    "Destruction becomes creation" : the theological reaction of national religious Zionism in Palestine to the Holocaust. (2003)
    In:  Holocaust and Genocide Studies 17,3 (2003) 430-458
    Details
    ISSN: 8756-6583
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2003
    Titel der Quelle: Holocaust and Genocide Studies
    Angaben zur Quelle: 17,3 (2003) 430-458
    Keywords: Mizrachi-Hapoel Hamizrachi ; ha-Poʻel ha-mizraḥi ; Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) Foreign public opinion, Eretz Israel ; Holocaust (Jewish theology) ; Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) ; Religious Zionism
    Abstract: The wartime response of religious Zionists in Palestine to the Holocaust, rather than being sustained or systematic, was spontaneous, often being expressed in the daily press. They saw the tribulations of the Jewish people as signs of redemption, heralding the Messiah. Although this perspective was shared with some ultra-Orthodox rabbis, religious Zionists stressed that Jews should act by settling in the Land of Israel. Initially, religious Zionists also shared the retributive punishment model, i.e. the view that the Jews were being punished by God. The tendency among both groups of religious Jews to resort to complex explanations or more than one model indicates the inadequacy of any single one. However, they shared the conclusion that the Holocaust did not present a new challenge to faith. In the postwar period, the reward-punishment model has been rejected by members of both groups. One reaction resorts to the "hester panim" (divine hiddenness) explanation.
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  • 6
    Article
    Article
    "The demonic effect" : Veit Harlan's use of Jewish extras in "Jud Süss" (1940). (2000)
    In:  Holocaust and Genocide Studies 14,2 (2000) 215-241
    Details
    ISSN: 8756-6583
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2000
    Titel der Quelle: Holocaust and Genocide Studies
    Angaben zur Quelle: 14,2 (2000) 215-241
    Keywords: Harlan, Veit, ; Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945), in motion pictures
    Abstract: Shows how Harlan, the director of the Nazi film "Jud Süss", used Jewish extras, whom he first sought in Łódź, then succeeded in obtaining in Prague, to feature in the synagogue scene which presented hasidic or "Eastern" Jews in a "demonic" light. They were obviously unassimilated Jews, intended to project the image of unassimilable Jews who should be expelled from Germany. At his trial in 1949 Harlan defended himself by saying that he had treated his Jews well, that he had used them for the purpose of "authenticity", and that he had been interested in art, not Nazi ideology. Despite the blatant antisemitism of the film's stereotyped images, Harlan was not found guilty of responsibility for contributing to the Final Solution.
    DOI: 10.1093/hgs/14.2.215
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  • 7
    Article
    Article
    The American history of Anne Frank's diary. (1987)
    In:  Holocaust and Genocide Studies 2,1 (1987) 149-160
    Details
    ISSN: 8756-6583
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 1987
    Titel der Quelle: Holocaust and Genocide Studies
    Angaben zur Quelle: 2,1 (1987) 149-160
    Keywords: Frank, Anne, ; Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) Personal narratives ; Motion pictures ; Jews in motion pictures ; Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) Influence
    Abstract: During the 1950s, "The Diary of Anne Frank", produced as a play and a film, was one of the few American dramatic attempts to deal with the Holocaust. The adaptation of the work by Lillian Hellman removed its specifically Jewish context and universalized it. The tense atmosphere of the McCarthy hearings and the involvement of Jews in civil rights activities led to increased fear of antisemitism (which was, in fact, declining). Meyer Levin, who was prevented from producing a more "Jewish" version of the diary, charged that Hellman and other "Stalinist" intellectuals deliberately removed elements, such as Anne's comments on the reasons for antisemitism, from the play. It is more probable that the changes were made in order to ensure that non-Jewish audiences identified with the characters, obscuring the fact that the Jews were persecuted because they were Jews.
    Note: On universalization of the Holocaust in the play and in the film. , Appeared also in "Anne Frank; Reflections on Her Life and Legacy" (2000).
    DOI: 10.1093/hgs/2.1.149
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  • 8
    Article
    Article
    Commandant of Drancy : Alois Brunner and the Jews of France. (1987)
    In:  Holocaust and Genocide Studies 2,1 (1987) 21-47
    Details
    ISSN: 8756-6583
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 1987
    Titel der Quelle: Holocaust and Genocide Studies
    Angaben zur Quelle: 2,1 (1987) 21-47
    Keywords: Brunner, Alois, ; Drancy (Internment camp) ; Nazi concentration camps ; Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945)
    Abstract: Examines the activities of Alois Brunner in Drancy in 1943-44. Describes the function of the transit camp, and Brunner's attempts to abolish the exemptions system and to deport French Jews along with foreign Jews despite Vichy-Gestapo agreements. Discusses the motives for Brunner's persecution of the Jews, describing him as a conventional antisemite unconventionally empowered, and relates to the obscurity of his fate after the war. (He is now living in Syria.)
    Note: Appeared in French in "Monde Juif" (1987) 143-172
    DOI: 10.1093/hgs/2.1.21
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  • 9
    Article
    Article
    On the place of the Holocaust in history. (1987)
    In:  Holocaust and Genocide Studies 2,2 (1987) 209-220
    Details
    ISSN: 8756-6583
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 1987
    Titel der Quelle: Holocaust and Genocide Studies
    Angaben zur Quelle: 2,2 (1987) 209-220
    Keywords: Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) Historiography ; National socialism Philosophy ; Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945)
    Abstract: Discusses the problem of the objectivity of the historian, denying the possibility of an "objective" stance. States his own biases: that the planned total murder of a people was an unheard-of catastrophe in human civilization, and because it has happened it can be repeated; and that the Nazi regime was the worst that ever existed. Relating to recent historiography, contends that the Holocaust was neither inevitable nor inexplicable - the murder was committed by humans for irrational reasons that can be rationally analyzed. Examines the Holocaust in relation to similar mass murders, taking issue with Lemkin's definition of genocide. The Holocaust is unique because of the motivation of the murderers. Shows that the racist element in Nazi ideology was derived from antisemitism, and not the other way around. The Nazis believed it was their mission to free Germany, then Europe, and then the world, of the Jews. Mass murder has become a common phenomenon; the importance of the Holocaust lies in its being an extreme example from which one can draw conclusions about the lesser stages of a possible pathology which may be prevented from developing.
    DOI: 10.1093/hgs/2.2.209
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  • 10
    Article
    Article
    Postwar adaptation of Holocaust survivors in the United States. (1987)
    In:  Holocaust and Genocide Studies 2,2 (1987) 307-315
    Details
    ISSN: 8756-6583
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 1987
    Titel der Quelle: Holocaust and Genocide Studies
    Angaben zur Quelle: 2,2 (1987) 307-315
    Keywords: Holocaust survivors ; Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) Influence
    DOI: 10.1093/hgs/2.2.307
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