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  • 1
    Article
    Article
    In:  Zeitschrift für Geschichtswissenschaft 60,5 (2012) 417-440
    Language: German
    Year of publication: 2012
    Titel der Quelle: Zeitschrift für Geschichtswissenschaft
    Angaben zur Quelle: 60,5 (2012) 417-440
    Keywords: Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) ; Jews Periodicals ; Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) Mass media and the Holocaust ; National socialism Philosophy ; Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945)
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  • 2
    Language: German
    Year of publication: 2012
    Titel der Quelle: Zeitschrift für Geschichtswissenschaft
    Angaben zur Quelle: 60,5 (2012) 397-416
    Keywords: Langbein, Hermann, ; Auschwitz (Concentration camp) ; International Auschwitz Committee ; Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) Personal narratives
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  • 3
    Language: German
    Year of publication: 2012
    Titel der Quelle: Zeitschrift für Geschichtswissenschaft
    Angaben zur Quelle: 60,10 (2012) 793-812
    Keywords: Ratzinger, Georg, ; Christianity and antisemitism History 1800-2000 ; Antisemitism History 1800-2000 ; Jews
    Abstract: Portrays George Ratzinger (1844-1899), a priest who served as a member of the Bavarian Landstag (local parliament) and of the German Reichstag, as one of the most prominent representatives of Catholic and Bavarian antisemitism in the late 19th century. Through his position in the Reichstag, he affected opinions in all of Germany and made antisemitism socially acceptable. Examines his hatred of the Jews as expressed through his work as a parliamentarian, and also as an editor of some Catholic journals and an author of books and pamphlets, some of which were published under a pseudonym. He viewed the Jews as responsible for modern capitalism, which he abhorred, and foresaw a future confrontation between Jews and "Aryans". He wanted to deprive the Jews of the rights they had acquired through emancipation, enclose them in ghettos, and dispossess and expell them. He also sought to bar them from the army and from positions as civil servants, lawyers, and teachers. In the Bavarian Landstag, Ratzinger proposed strengthening the law against usury and paved the way for a special tax on department stores; both measures were directed specifically against Jews. The department stores, which were owned by Jews, were depicted as the quintessence of modern consumerism and placed in the center of the modernization debate. Emphasizes that Ratzinger's antisemitism was not based on religion, but sprung from a view of history which pitted Jews and Germans against each other. His numerous anti-Jewish diatribes and incendiary speeches remained largely uncontradicted in the Bavarian Landstag.
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  • 4
    Article
    Article
    In:  Zeitschrift für Geschichtswissenschaft 59,11 (2011) 897-919
    Language: German
    Year of publication: 2011
    Titel der Quelle: Zeitschrift für Geschichtswissenschaft
    Angaben zur Quelle: 59,11 (2011) 897-919
    Keywords: Jews History 1800-2000 ; Antisemitism History 1800-2000 ; Youth movements, Jewish
    Abstract: Discusses antisemitism as an integral part of the German youth movement in the early 20th century, its contemporary theoretical sources, and Jewish reactions. Argues that the Wandervogel movement and its heirs and offshoots where not characterized by self-critique or radical critique of prevailing circumstances, but by their efforts to outdo their parents in the area of antisemitism. Antisemitism had escalated within the Wandervogel movement already before World War I, as exemplified by the "Aryan paragraphs" introduced in some groups already in 1914. The youth movement was ideologically influenced by Ludwig Klage, who developed Alfred Schuler's antisemitic philosophy of history even further and made it part of his dualistic worldview, which pitted the "destructive Jewish spirit" and the "creative German soul" against each other. Discusses the process by which antisemitism became part of the German social order, and the roles of Adolf Stoeckler, Wilhelm Marr, Eugen Duhring, and especially Heinrich von Treitschke, who made its socially acceptable. Mentions Walter Benjamin as one the few who saw that antisemitism was taken for granted in the youth movement. With regard to Jewish responses, condends that they were limited to assimilation, which became increasingly difficult, and Zionist involvement. Concludes that antisemitism was the reverse side of the German youths' longing for an ideal world in harmony with nature. Warns of the danger of giving up measured reflection for the benefit of wild reflexes.
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  • 5
    Language: German
    Year of publication: 2011
    Titel der Quelle: Zeitschrift für Geschichtswissenschaft
    Angaben zur Quelle: 59,11 (2011) 920-937
    Keywords: Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) ; Eretz Israel Relations ; Germany Relations ; Eretz Israel History 1917-1948, British Mandate period
    Abstract: Nazi Germany sought to win over the Arabs by propagating a combination of antisemitism, Islam, and Arab nationalism. Especially at theaters of war, Germany made great efforts to incite the local populations against the Allies and convince them to undertake acts of sabotage. The intensity and contents of the propaganda varied according to priorities and political considerations. Before the war, cooperation between Germany and Arab nationalists was marginal, or even rejected. During the war, however, the Arabs of the former British colonies became the main addressees of the Arab-language propaganda. Leading Arab nationalists, like the Mufti of Jerusalem, Amin al-Husseini, were included in the propaganda work and the term "antisemitism" was revised so that it would not apply to Arabs. As the war went on, the propaganda became increasingly antisemitic, focusing on the supposed Jewish world dominion, which threatened both Germany and the Arabs. German propaganda experts sought to substantiate antisemitism and the need for a Führer with proof from Islamic sources, but the gist of the propaganda remained nationalistic, not religious. Concludes that although it is difficult to assess to what degree the antisemitic message came through, it is known that the broadcasts were eagerly listened to.
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  • 6
    Language: German
    Year of publication: 2012
    Titel der Quelle: Zeitschrift für Geschichtswissenschaft
    Angaben zur Quelle: 60,10 (2012) 813-830
    Keywords: Germans History 20th century ; Jews History 1939-1945 ; World War, 1939-1945 Prisoners and prisons ; Prisoners of war ; Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) Public opinion
    Abstract: Discusses what German POWs interned in Fort Hunt, near Washington DC, between 1942-46 knew about the Holocaust and Nazi war crimes, and how they related to them. The POWs were interrogated, and their private conversations were secretly recorded. The recordings reveal that the soldiers were well informed about the Nazi crimes, viewed them as immense, and feared Allied retaliation. The soldiers' knowledge concerned especially the mass executions of Jewish civilians during the German-Soviet war, and the offenses committed against Soviet POWs and the population in areas occupied in this context. The soldiers condemned the use of violence, but mainly out of fear of its consequences for themselves and Germany, not out of principle. They did not condemn the Nazi regime.
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  • 7
    Language: German
    Year of publication: 1996
    Titel der Quelle: Zeitschrift für Geschichtswissenschaft
    Angaben zur Quelle: 44,11 (1996) 991-1005
    Keywords: Aly, Götz, ; Burleigh, Michael, ; Friedlander, Henry, ; Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) Historiography ; Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) ; National socialism
    Abstract: Claims that in Germany there is a profound abyss between the historiographic perception and the prevalent image in society of the history of the Holocaust. Research is unable to draw a final conclusion; on the contrary, nobody is able to survey the huge quantity of research which appears every day on Nazism and the annihilation of the Jews. As to the qualitative aspect of research, mentions the frequent lack of use of original material. Deals with three important works published recently, by Michael Burleigh, Henry Friedlander, and Götz Aly, as examples of modern research on Nazism.
    Note: On Michael Burleigh, "Death and Deliverance; 'Euthanasia' in Germany c. 1900-1945" (1994); Henry Friedlander, "The Origins of Nazi Genocide; from Euthanasia to the Final Solution" (1995); Götz Aly, , "'Endlösung'; Völkerverschiebung und der Mord an den europäischen Juden" (1995).
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  • 8
    Article
    Article
    In:  Zeitschrift für Geschichtswissenschaft 52,12 (2004) 1091-1105
    Language: German
    Year of publication: 2004
    Titel der Quelle: Zeitschrift für Geschichtswissenschaft
    Angaben zur Quelle: 52,12 (2004) 1091-1105
    Keywords: Jews History 1933-1939 ; Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) ; Jews Legal status, laws, etc.
    Abstract: There are many misconceptions about Nazi sanctions against partners in Jewish-Aryan extramarital relations. Condemnation of such relations did not originate with the Nazis, but expressed the feelings of many Germans since the 19th century. The Nuremberg Law on the preservation of German racial honor transferred authority to deal with "Rassenschande" from the mob to the judiciary. The cases - usually initiated after denunciations by neighbors or family members - were tried in ordinary open courts (until 1939 with a jury). They were fairly common, not isolated show trials. The judges acted independently, and the accused were allowed to defend themselves. The trials ordinarily ended in prison sentences, but over the years the verdicts grew more severe; in rare cases, Jews considered especially indecent and despicable were sentenced to death.
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  • 9
    Language: German
    Year of publication: 2004
    Titel der Quelle: Zeitschrift für Geschichtswissenschaft
    Angaben zur Quelle: 52,1 (2004) 50-71
    Keywords: Genocide History 20th century ; National socialism Philosophy ; Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945)
    Abstract: Refutes arguments that the same orders for extermination were applied to "Gypsies" and Jews. In some ways their treatment was similar: the methods of killing, its utopian-racist basis, the conditions of dictatorship and war that made it possible, escalation through the interaction of local and central officialdom, and its legitimization through Hitler's ideology. But while Jews loomed large in that ideology, "Gypsies" were of negligible importance. Extermination of the Jews was to be total, that of the "Gypsies" selective: in Germany, "pure" Gypsies were spared, whereas Gypsy "Mischlinge" endangered the purity of the Volk and therefore, unlike Jewish "Mischlinge", must be eliminated. The Jews were under the authority of the Gestapo, the "Gypsies" under that of the criminal police. In some of the occupied or satellite countries, "Gypsies" were not persecuted at all. But comparison with the Jewish Holocaust should not lead us to underrate the suffering of the "Gypsies".
    Note: A Hungarian version appeared as "Cigányok és zsidók: a náci népirtások összehasonlítása" in "A Holokauszt Magyarországon európai perspektívában" (2005) 379-398.
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  • 10
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2020
    Titel der Quelle: Zeitschrift für Geschichtswissenschaft
    Angaben zur Quelle: 69,7-8 (2021) 647-668
    Keywords: Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) ; Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) Historiography ; Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) Influence ; Law ; War crime trials
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