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  • 1
    Article
    Article
    The politics of demagogy in Imperial Germany. (1986)
    In:  Past and Present 113 (1986) 152-184
    Details
    ISSN: 0031-2746
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 1986
    Titel der Quelle: Past and Present
    Angaben zur Quelle: 113 (1986) 152-184
    Keywords: Antisemitism History 1800-2000
    Abstract: The agrarian, middle-class, and radical nationalist demagogy which characterized German politics in the 1880s reflected a popular move to solve problems caused by an agrarian crisis and socioeconomic change. Both the agrarian and "Mittelstand" movements were illiberal, anti-socialist, and often antisemitic, but also resented conservative rule. Their leaders claimed to expose Jewish machinations and corruption in high places. Conservative leaders, including Adolf Stöcker, viewed this "gutter antisemitism" with fear and contempt. The Conservative and Center parties tried to control these movements through cooperation, but their legislation served mainly the interests of the landowners. The frustrated hopes of shopkeepers and peasants, and the views of the radical nationalists, led to support for Nazism after World War I.
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  • 2
    Article
    Article
    The Mediterranean and the expulsion of Spanish Jews in 1492. (1988)
    In:  Past and Present 119 (1988) 30-55
    Details
    ISSN: 0031-2746
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 1988
    Titel der Quelle: Past and Present
    Angaben zur Quelle: 119 (1988) 30-55
    Keywords: Jews History Middle Ages, 500-1500
    Abstract: Attempts to determine the number of Jews expelled from Spain and those who settled in other Mediterranean countries and the economic effects of the expulsion, arguing that estimates of the number of Jews expelled and the impact of their loss have been greatly exaggerated. Notes that Spanish authorities were more interested in the conversion of Jews than in their expulsion. Many did convert, including some who emigrated to Portugal and later returned. Many left for Italy and Africa. Converso emigration after the establishment of the Inquisition was substantial and caused considerable damage to the economy. Official historians of the period mention opposition to the expulsion of an industrious and productive minority who ought not to be forced to convert. These writers contributed to the myth that the expulsion was the cause of Spain's economic decline.
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  • 3
    Article
    Article
    Mass conversion and genealogical mentalities : Jews and Christians in fifteenth-century Spain. (2002)
    In:  Past and Present 174 (2002) 3-41
    Details
    ISSN: 0031-2746
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2002
    Titel der Quelle: Past and Present
    Angaben zur Quelle: 174 (2002) 3-41
    Keywords: Jews History 15th century ; Judaism Relations 15th century ; Christianity ; Christianity and other religions Judaism 15th century ; History ; Crypto-Jews History 15th century ; Jews Genealogy
    Abstract: Argues that the emphasis on lineage amongst Spaniards and Sephardim (Spanish Jews) was the outcome of a specific historical process of conflict in which lineage became a way of thinking about religious identity. Mass forced conversions from 1391 to 1415 led to a violent destabilization of traditional categories of identity. As a result, Jews, Christians, and Conversos all created new forms of communal identity. Finding support in tradition, they elevated genealogy to a form of communal memory. Among Christians, difficulty in determining who was a Christian and who a Jew led to segregation of non-Christians and the spread of stereotypes about Jewish blood. This ultimately led to the Inquisition's attempt to root out Jewish lineage and "Jewish ideas". Among the Jews, lineage of individuals and communities were stressed to facilitate proper marriages and to allow descendants of Conversos to return to the community. Some Conversos stressed the Jewish lineage of Jesus and Mary to heighten their own status as (New) Christians. Since all three communities emphasized the significance of their descent, it was natural that lineage was a major concern in religious polemics of the period.
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  • 4
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    Article
    Victims of genocide and national memory : Belgium, France and the Netherlands 1945-1965. (1997)
    In:  Past and Present 154 (1997) 181-222
    Details
    ISSN: 0031-2746
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 1997
    Titel der Quelle: Past and Present
    Angaben zur Quelle: 154 (1997) 181-222
    Keywords: Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) ; Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) Influence ; Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) ; Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) Influence ; Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) ; Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) Influence
    Abstract: Explains why in Belgium, France, and the Netherlands the unique character of the suffering of the Jews under the Nazis did not begin to emerge until the 1960s-70s. In the immediate postwar period it was obscured by the fact that few Jews returned to these countries. Efforts by each of these nations to construct a suitable patriotic national past provided little space for the particular story of the Jews. Additionally, Cold War thinking, which equated German concentration camps with Soviet Gulags, obscured the unique character of the German war against the Jews. Only in the 1960s-70s did there emerge a specific awareness of the genocidal war against the Jews. Contributing to this was the 1961 trial of Eichmann in Israel, the 1964 German trial of concentration camp officials, and the depiction of the Holocaust in television shows, movies, and historical books. Suggests that the delayed recognition of the German war against the Jews may make awareness of it more lasting in the long run.
    Note: Appeared also in "Holocaust; Critical Concepts in Historical Studies" VI (2004).
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  • 5
    Article
    Article
    Karaites real and imagined : three cases of Jewish heresy. (2007)
    In:  Past and Present 197 (2007) 35-74
    Details
    ISSN: 0031-2746
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2007
    Titel der Quelle: Past and Present
    Angaben zur Quelle: 197 (2007) 35-74
    Keywords: Excommunication (Jewish law) ; Karaites History ; Jews History Middle Ages, 500-1500 ; Jews History Middle Ages, 500-1500 ; Jews ; Jews ; Jerusalem (Israel) History Middle Ages, 500-1500
    Note: Karaites in 11th-century Jerusalem, 15th-century Cairo and in early 18th-century Amsterdam.
    DOI: 10.1093/pastj/gtm041
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  • 6
    Article
    Article
    Conversion, mobility and the Roman Inquisition in Italy around 1600. (2008)
    In:  Past and Present 200 (2008) 5-35
    Details
    ISSN: 0031-2746
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2008
    Titel der Quelle: Past and Present
    Angaben zur Quelle: 200 (2008) 5-35
    Keywords: Di Fiori, Mariana ; Conversion History ; Jews History 1500- ; Crypto-Jews ; Inquisition
    DOI: 10.1093/pastj/gtn018
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  • 7
    Article
    Article
    The Black Death and the burning of Jews. (2007)
    In:  Past and Present 196 (2007) 3-36
    Details
    ISSN: 0031-2746
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2007
    Titel der Quelle: Past and Present
    Angaben zur Quelle: 196 (2007) 3-36
    Keywords: Antisemitism History Middle Ages, 500-1500 ; Jews History Middle Ages, 500-1500 ; Christianity and antisemitism History To 1500
    Abstract: Dismisses the widespread view that the anti-Jewish riots of 1348-51 in Germany and Western Europe, which greatly decimated the Jewish communities, were class confrontations - i.e. actions taken by the lower classes seeking economic, political, and social gains. Judging by archival records and chronicles, it was the social elites who initiated and carried out the Black Death pogroms. The perpetrators were driven by religious fanaticism rather than economic rationale. The victims were mostly rabbis, rabbinical students, women, and children, not rich moneylenders. Similarly, there was no economic rationale in the expulsions of Jews perpetrated at the same time. Unlike the Black Death period, attacks on Jews in the 1380s clearly had a class character and were perpetrated mainly by the working classes. Their targets, however, were not only Jews. Dwells on the riots of 1391 in Spain, which were similar in character to the events of the 1380s in France.
    DOI: 10.1093/pastj/gtm005
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  • 8
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    Article
    Religious faith and doubt in late medieval Spain : Soria circa 1450-1500. (1988)
    In:  Past and Present 120 (1988) 3-25
    Details
    ISSN: 0031-2746
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 1988
    Titel der Quelle: Past and Present
    Angaben zur Quelle: 120 (1988) 3-25
    Keywords: Jews History ; Crypto-Jews History 15th century ; Soria (Spain)
    Description / Table of Contents: Sommerville, C. John. Debate: Religious faith, doubt and atheism. "Past and Present" 128 (1990) 152-155.
    Description / Table of Contents: Edwards, John H.: Reply. Ibid.: 155-161.
    Note: Reprinted in his "Religion and Society in Spain, c. 1492" (1996).
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  • 9
    Article
    Article
    Popular movements and pogroms in 15th century Castile. (1972)
    In:  Past and Present 55 (1972) 33-64
    Details
    ISSN: 0031-2746
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 1972
    Titel der Quelle: Past and Present
    Angaben zur Quelle: 55 (1972) 33-64
    Keywords: Jews ; Antisemitism History To 1500 ; Jews History Middle Ages, 500-1500 ; Pogroms
    Note: Discusses aspects of Jewish and Converso life which culminated in the pogrom of 1473.
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  • 10
    Article
    Article
    The 1391 pogrom in Spain : social crisis or not?. (1971)
    In:  Past and Present 50 (1971) 4-18
    Details
    ISSN: 0031-2746
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 1971
    Titel der Quelle: Past and Present
    Angaben zur Quelle: 50 (1971) 4-18
    Keywords: Antisemitism History To 1500 ; Pogroms
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