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  • 1
    Article
    Article
    Between resistance and collaboration : the ambiguity of the Protectorate gendarmes’ service in the Theresienstadt Ghetto (1941-1945). (2021)
    In:  S: I. M. O. N. 8,2 (2021) 13-37
    Details
    ISSN: 2408-9192
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2021
    Titel der Quelle: S: I. M. O. N.
    Angaben zur Quelle: 8,2 (2021) 13-37
    Keywords: Theresienstadt (Concentration camp) ; Jewish ghettos ; Police ; Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) ; Bohemia and Moravia (Protectorate, 1939-1945)
    Abstract: The article analyses the role members of the Czech Protectorate gendarmerie played in thepersecution of the Jews during the Second World War. A Special gendarmerie unit guardedTheresienstadt, the only major Jewish ghetto created during the war in the occupied Bohemian lands. Whilst some of the gendarmes supported Jewish prisoners and tried to alleviatetheir plight, others collaborated with the SS unit – in charge of the ghetto, behaved brutallyor denounced prisoners for any transgressions of the ghetto laws. Most of the gendarmerieunit vacillated between both extremes and remained passive observers to the events. Thearticle centres on both extremes of support and betrayal, and asks what they can reveal aboutthe wartime service of the gendarmes in the ghetto and their role in the persecution of theProtectorate Jews, as well as those deported to the ghetto from Germany, Austria, the Netherlands and other territories.
    DOI: 10.23777/SN.0221/ART_JLAN01
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  • 2
    Article
    Article
    Unwillingly on the road : forced Jewish migration at the municipal level in Slovakia (1939-1945). (2021)
    In:  S: I. M. O. N. 8,3 (2021) 20-32
    Details
    ISSN: 2408-9192
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2021
    Titel der Quelle: S: I. M. O. N.
    Angaben zur Quelle: 8,3 (2021) 20-32
    Keywords: Forced migration ; Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) ; Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) Social aspects
    Abstract: Forced Jewish migration in the Slovak State (1939–1945) during World War II is usually approached from the perspective of the deportations to the Nazi concentration camps. Yet, theinvoluntary migration trajectories of persecuted Jews, even within Slovak territory, also reflected the gradual development of anti-semitic policies and their direct consequences oneveryday Jewish life in the wartime period. Numerous members of the Jewish communityhad experienced forced – in some cases even multi-layered – displacement both at the municipal and intra-state level even before the first transport left from Slovakia to Auschwitz on25 March 1942. The main aim of this article is to analyse the trajectories of forced Jewishmigration at the urban level. It especially considers the personal and spatial consequences ofthe limitations on the Jewish living space that were brought about by the restrictions on living in and renting apartments in designated zones, such as in the localities renamed afterAdolf Hitler and Andrej Hlinka, the founder and first leader of the Hlinka’s Slovak People’sParty
    DOI: 10.23777/SN.0321/ART_MLON01
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  • 3
    Article
    Article
    The Holocaust in the Bohemian lands : research questions and voids, sources and data. (2021)
    In:  S: I. M. O. N. 8,2 (2021) 5-12
    Details
    ISSN: 2408-9192
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2021
    Titel der Quelle: S: I. M. O. N.
    Angaben zur Quelle: 8,2 (2021) 5-12
    Keywords: Karny, Miroslav ; Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) ; Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) Historiography ; Bohemia and Moravia (Protectorate, 1939-1945)
    Abstract: This introduction summarises the rationale for this ‘national’ special issue devoted to thehistory of the Holocaust in the Bohemian lands. It discusses the legacy of the historian Miroslav Kárný and the historiographic pause and disorientation following his death in 2001.Before summarising the articles, it analyses the recent polarisation of historiographic debates with regard to the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia. It tackles disputes around thelocal, or Czech, entanglement in the persecution of Roma and Sinti and around comparisonswith the genocide of Jews. It discusses the attacks on research that critically challenges common assumptions about Czech solidarity with Jews and the one-sided, top-down approachto the history of the Holocaust in the Protectorate.
    DOI: 10.23777/SN.0221/ART_MFRA01
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  • 4
    Article
    Article
    Statistical analyses of Theresienstadt prisoners examples and future possibilities. (2021)
    In:  S: I. M. O. N. 8,2 (2021) 58-71
    Details
    ISSN: 2408-9192
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2021
    Titel der Quelle: S: I. M. O. N.
    Angaben zur Quelle: 8,2 (2021) 58-71
    Keywords: Theresienstadt (Concentration camp) ; Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) ; Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) Research ; Holocaust survivors Statistics
    Abstract: This article uses a near-complete database of prisoners in the Theresienstadt Ghetto to provide statistical comparisons of death risks according to country of residence and gender,conditional on age, social status proxies, and the timing of the prisoners’ arrival in theghetto. We also estimate conditional Holocaust survival differences for Theresienstadtprisoners on transports to Auschwitz. Our aim is to complement the existing historicalresearch on Theresienstadt and to illustrate the possibilities of statistical analysis of theHolocaust in the present-day Czech Republic. To this end, we also discuss other availabledata.
    DOI: 10.23777/SN.0221/ART_SJTJ01
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  • 5
    Article
    Article
    The days of future past : thinking about the Jewish life to come from within the Warsaw Ghetto. (2020)
    In:  S: I. M. O. N. 7,2 (2020) 21-36
    Details
    ISSN: 2408-9192
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2020
    Titel der Quelle: S: I. M. O. N.
    Angaben zur Quelle: 7,2 (2020) 21-36
    Keywords: Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) ; Jewish ghettos ; Jewish press History 20th century ; Youth movements, Jewish
    Abstract: Jews imprisoned in the Warsaw Ghetto pondered not only how to survive the present butalso the days to come. The day of liberation was calculated on the basis of rumours, interpretations of wartime developments, and Kabbalistic prophecies. In this paper, among differentnotions of the future expressed by the inhabitants of the Warsaw Ghetto, I focus especiallyon the perspective of Jews active in various parties and youth movements. I approach thequestion of what Jews thought about the future and what would lead to it within the broadercontext of the sociology of time. The primary source used in this paper is the Jewish underground press published in the Warsaw Ghetto.
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  • 6
    Article
    Article
    Citizenship of no man’s land? : Jewish refugee relief in Zbąszyń and East-Central Europe, 1938-1939. (2020)
    In:  S: I. M. O. N. 7,2 (2020) 37-49
    Details
    ISSN: 2408-9192
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2020
    Titel der Quelle: S: I. M. O. N.
    Angaben zur Quelle: 7,2 (2020) 37-49
    Keywords: American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee ; Jewish refugees Services for 20th century ; History ; Jewish refugees Services for ; Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) ; Zbąszyń (Poland)
    Abstract: This article revisits Jewish relief efforts in the refugee settlement in Zbąszyń (Bentschen) and specifically the intensive involvement of the Polish and European offices of the Jewish Joint Distribution Committee (JDC) in the organisation of aid and the daily life of refugees. Thereby, it explores the nature of the no man’s land and the dilemmas of Jewish welfare in the critical year 1938. The article reads the relief activities against the changing characteristics of citizenship in European nation states during the interwar period. It takes into account the growing significance of ‘social citizenship’ or social rights, which were either explicitly codified or implicitly expected. I here test the hypothesis that the intervention of the JDC and other Jewish relief organisations reflected and visualised the exclusion of Jewish refugees from citizenship. Can we speak, figuratively, of a citizenship in no man’s land and of the relief organisations as providing services normally attributed to membership in a state? How did the JDC reflect on the revisions of citizenship and the denaturalisation of Jews in Poland and other countries in East-Central Europe, and how did this process affect its relief activities?
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  • 7
    Article
    Article
    Listening into silences : what Soviet postwar trial materials resist to reveal about the Holocaust. (2020)
    In:  S: I. M. O. N. 7,1 (2020) 4-12
    Details
    ISSN: 2408-9192
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2020
    Titel der Quelle: S: I. M. O. N.
    Angaben zur Quelle: 7,1 (2020) 4-12
    Keywords: Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) ; Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) Historiography ; War crime trials Sources History
    Abstract: This article draws on Soviet postwar investigations of crimes and trial materials in order to illuminate how the representation of wartime anti-Jewish violence shapes contemporary historians’ knowledge of the Holocaust. The study intertwines two different but tightly connected strands of analysis: the first delineates gaps in Soviet postwar trial documentation while placing them in the sources’ specific legal and social contexts. The second thread of inquiry highlights the challenges resulting for the study of the Holocaust.
    DOI: 10.23777/SN.0120/ART_DDUM01
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  • 8
    Article
    Article
    Betraying your own : Jewish spies and the deportation of Jews in Second World War. (2020)
    In:  S: I. M. O. N. 7,2 (2020) 50-65
    Details
    ISSN: 2408-9192
    Language: English
    Year of publication: 2020
    Titel der Quelle: S: I. M. O. N.
    Angaben zur Quelle: 7,2 (2020) 50-65
    Keywords: Spies ; World War, 1939-1945 Collaborationists ; World War, 1939-1945 Collaborationists ; World War, 1939-1945 Collaborationists ; Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945)
    Abstract: This article shows how the Fascist and the Nazi regimes orchestrated their repression proactively. They took advantage of Jewish informers who betrayed their own people, with traumatic consequences for their individual and their community’s sense of identity. No spies were needed to arrest Jewish people under normal circumstances, but spies were essential for finding Jews who had gone into hiding in large cities. This article, based on previous research, court trials of convicted spies, and other archival and documentary material, illustrates this system of repression with cases in Austria, Germany, and Italy.
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  • 9
    Article
    Article
    Die letzten Tage von Buczacz : die Zerstörung einer multiethnischen Stadt. (2014)
    In:  S: I. M. O. N. 1 (2014) 14 pp.
    Details
    ISSN: 2408-9192
    Language: German
    Year of publication: 2014
    Titel der Quelle: S: I. M. O. N.
    Angaben zur Quelle: 1 (2014) 14 pp.
    Keywords: Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) ; Holocaust survivors ; Collective memory ; Buchach (Ukraine) Ethnic relations
    Abstract: Omer Bartov’s presentation addressed the way in which Ukrainians, Poles and Jews remember the Holocaust in the formerly multi-ethnic town of Buczacz, where Simon Wiesenthal was born (as was Omer Bartov’s mother). Buczacz is located in what used to be the Austro-Hungarian province of Galicia, then became part of Poland’s eastern lands and is now part of the Western Ukraine. For centuries, it was marked by its population’s ethnic and religious diversity. During the time of the Second World War, the Nazis murdered the entire Jewish population; the Polish inhabitants fell victim to ethnic cleansing by Ukrainian nationalists and Soviet authorities. Omer Bartov used written and oral reports by victims and survivors in order to investigate the relationship between memory and history, between individual fates and grand historical processes of change. He argued for the healing effect of remembrance and coming to terms with the past. The presentation was accompanied by a wealth of pictures of Buczacz and of Omer Bartov’s research activities in that city.
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  • 10
    Article
    Article
    Spaziergang in der Herrengasse : Straßenfotos aus dem jüdischen Czernowitz. (2014)
    In:  S: I. M. O. N. 1 (2014) 15 pp.
    Details
    ISSN: 2408-9192
    Language: German
    Year of publication: 2014
    Titel der Quelle: S: I. M. O. N.
    Angaben zur Quelle: 1 (2014) 15 pp.
    Keywords: Jews History 20th century ; Jews Pictorial works ; Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945)
    Abstract: Czernowitz was the Habsburg Empire’s „Vienna of the East“; it had a lively Germanspeaking Jewish community, almost all of whom were persecuted or murdered during the time of the Second World War. Yet the memory of Cernowitz lives on, passed on as it is by survivors and their descendants „like a wonderful present“ and a „relentless curse“, as noted by Aharon Appelfeld. We find evidence of old Cernowitz in historical reports, memoirs, documents and literary works. These include impressive contributions by Cernowitz-born writers. In their lecture, Marianne Hirsch and Leo Spitzer focussed primarily on materials from family albums and collections in order to tap into the world of Jewish Cernowitz before its destruction. In particular, they analysed street photographs depicting daily life which had been taken on the city’s streets before the Second World War and during the occupation by Romanian fascists and their allies from Nazi Germany. What do these ordinary and apparently opaque images tell us about the rich and diverse past? We were astonished to discover that they tell and show us a lot in that they reveal both more and less than we had expected.
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