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  • 1
    Article
    Article
    In:  מכלול; סדרת כנס פרדס א (תשעו) 57-77
    Language: Hebrew
    Year of publication: 2016
    Titel der Quelle: מכלול; סדרת כנס פרדס
    Angaben zur Quelle: א (תשעו) 57-77
    Keywords: Talmud Bavli Criticism, Redaction ; Talmud Bavli Language, style ; Talmud Bavli Criticism, Textual ; Talmud Bavli. Commentaries
    Abstract: This paper examines a textual variant in the talmudic passage (B. Yoma 77) concerning a source for the statement that sexual relations are considered ‘affliction’ (inui). Three main versions of the sugya are found in the direct textual witnesses. Study of those variants suggests that this is not a case in which a single, original version was altered by scholars and scribes, as it is inconceivable that a scholar would have switched the question and answer so aggressively that no trace of them remained. Moreover, in the case of this variant a common element may be found in all three versions. My conclusion is thus that what the scholars had before them was a primary version (girsat yesod) which they interpreted in various ways. These interpretations of the primary version differ in their understanding of the sentence at issue and even disagree on its contextual role. Some read it as the answer to a question; others read it as fortifying the question. This example may be added to other similar instances in which scholars have surmised that the variants were generated by a primary version that branched into a number of versions. Philological examination enables us to separate interpretation from the reconstruction of the sugya’s primary version.
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  • 2
    Language: Hebrew
    Year of publication: 2016
    Titel der Quelle: מכלול; סדרת כנס פרדס
    Angaben zur Quelle: א (תשעו) 17-36
    Keywords: Hillel, ; Talmud Bavli. Commentaries ; Talmud Bavli. Criticism, interpretation, etc. ; Talmud Bavli Criticism, Narrative
    Abstract: The tale of Hillel at the beit midrash of Shmaya and Avtalyon tells of Hillel in his youth as a student struggling to earn enough to pay for his daily tuition. One day he did not earn his wages, and was refused entry to the study hall. Young Hillel climbed atop the roof to hear the word of G-d from Shmaya and Avtalyon. The falling snow covered him until he nearly froze. In the morning he was discovered by his rabbis who quickly took him in. The tale ends with Hillel’s rabbis acknowledging his worth. The tale leaves the reader awed by Hillel’s devotion and dedication to the Torah. However, a deeper reading incorporating an intertextual approach reveals allusions to other biblical and rabbinic sources. An examination of those implied sources and the context in which they appear sheds new light on the tale. A comparison with the writings of prophets Jeremiah and Isaiah reveals that the snow covering Hillel may actually refer to the word of G-d metaphorically falling onto him. The beit midrash to which Hillel was refused entry is depicted as dark, hinting at a darkness that pertains to a spiritual state. The beit midrash undergoes a process of amendment, and its occupants learn to treat Hillel differently. The tale is one of three primary talmudic stories about the life of Hillel; all of them occur on Friday afternoons (erev Shabbat), a liminal time between the profane and the holy. A comparison of the tales reveals an important idea that Hillel propounded: the notion of the Shekhinah as a presence that accompanies the individual.
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  • 3
    Language: Hebrew
    Year of publication: 2016
    Titel der Quelle: מכלול; סדרת כנס פרדס
    Angaben zur Quelle: א (תשעו) 161-171
    Keywords: Talmud Bavli Criticism, Narrative ; Talmud Bavli. Commentaries ; Talmud Bavli. Commentaries ; Talmud Yerushalmi. Legends ; Sefer ha-Ma'asim ; Jewish legends History and criticism
    Abstract: This paper proposes that multi-version tales offer interpretive options manifested in a hypothetical dialogue among their various versions. Interpretive potentials in earlier versions are realized in their later parallels through creative adaptation, such as filling in plot gaps and other poetic and stylistic means. In that sense, every subsequent version is both a new creation and an interpretive event. The anonymous copyist, who is often the narrator as well, preserves the basic plot structure of the story as it appears in the collective versions of past generations, while at the same time re-forming it from his own historical perspective. This hypothesis is presented via a study of three tales in Sefer ha-ma'asim, a thirteenth tale collection from northern France: ‘R. Akiva's daughter and the Snake,’ ‘The Cow that Observed the Sabbath,’ and ‘A Valley Filled with Gold.’ Differences between each tale and their earlier sources in the Talmud, Midrash, and the medieval collection Midrash aseret ha-diberot are introduced in this paper as interpretive clues. They require decoding through a consideration of their medieval historical and cultural context, yet in awareness of the contemporary reader’s own subjectivity in verbalizing those codes as well.
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  • 4
    Language: Hebrew
    Year of publication: 2018
    Titel der Quelle: מכלול; סדרת כנס פרדס
    Angaben zur Quelle: ב (תשעח) 5-23
    Keywords: Redemption Judaism ; Zionism Philosophy ; Oaths (Jewish law) ; Karaites ; Midrash ; Eretz Israel In Judaism ; Eretz Israel History 70-638, Destruction of the Second Temple to rise of Islam
    Abstract: The redemption of Israel in the Messianic era is one of the cornerstones of Jewish faith. How will this redemption, promised by the Bible, be realized? In supernatural miracles alone or naturally? Throughout the generations, the sages of Israel fiercely debated this issue, which also affected the question of migration to Israel. In the words of the prophets, redemption is described as a miraculous event, and this means that the redemption must be awaited, and that no political or military actions should be taken to bring it closer. Political considerations were incorporated into this debate in the third century and continued throughout the generations. The tension stemmed from religious, cultural and social considerations. At the center of the polemic was the sermon on the “Three Oaths” mentioned at the end of Tractate Ketubot. Dramatic developments in this debate arose in the Middle Ages and in the Modern Era. The spread of the Zionist movement and the establishment of the State of Israel exacerbated the controversy. Opposition to migration to Israel and to the establishment of the State of Israel was particularly intense in the Hasidic movement. In this article I will discuss only two major events in this debate that have not yet been sufficiently treated: “The Three Oaths” and the migration to the Land of Israel in the twelfth century and its historical motives.
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