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  • 1
    Sprache: Englisch
    Erscheinungsjahr: 2004
    Titel der Quelle: Yad Vashem Studies
    Angaben zur Quelle: 32 (2004) 433-447
    Schlagwort(e): Heydrich, Reinhard, ; Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) ; Jewish councils ; Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) ; Antisemitism History 20th century
    Kurzfassung: Discusses a lengthy express letter sent by Heydrich to Einsatzgruppen commanders on 21 September 1939, which has become an important document for the study of Nazi wartime policy. Heydrich used the word "Endziel" (final goal) and mentioned, inter alia, the proposed concentration of Jews at central localities near railway stations and the establishment of Judenräte. Points out that some Judenräte were already appointed on 6 September, which shows that the anti-Jewish policy for Poland was planned even before the invasion. Notes that the letter was sent after Heydrich's meeting with Einsatzgruppen, SS, and SD commanders, so they already knew its contents. Contends that it was written even before the meeting, and that it was actually aimed at the heads of various ministries, to whom it was also sent, to let them know that Heydrich and the above-mentioned groups were in charge of anti-Jewish policy.
    Anmerkung: See also in Hebrew.
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  • 2
    Artikel
    Artikel
    In:  Yad Vashem Studies 30 (2002) 229-270
    Sprache: Englisch
    Erscheinungsjahr: 2002
    Titel der Quelle: Yad Vashem Studies
    Angaben zur Quelle: 30 (2002) 229-270
    Schlagwort(e): Catholic Church History 20th century ; Catholic press ; Antisemitism in the press ; Antisemitism History 1933-1939 ; Antisemitism History 20th century ; Christianity and antisemitism History 20th century ; Jews History 20th century ; Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) Influence
    Kurzfassung: Discusses stances toward Jews and antisemitism of several influential institutions and individuals who represented the Catholic Church in Brazil and acted at its initiative or with its approval. The Archbishop of Porto Alegre, João Becker, considered the "Jewish problem" a real one, but deplored racism and Nazi antisemitism and called for defense of the Jews. The Franciscan journal "Vozes de Petrópolis" became a forum for many antisemitic writers who regarded Catholicism as inseparable from Brazilianism, and thus the Jews were a threat to the nation. Some clergymen involved with the journal believed in a world Jewish conspiracy, identified communism with Judaism, and supported immigration restrictions against Jews. The Catholic Dom Vital Center and its journal "A Ordem" combined traditional and modern forms of antisemitism. Anti-Zionism also played a part in the attitudes of the Catholic elites in Brazil. Concludes that Catholic antisemitism in Brazil was not influenced by Nazi racism; the Church elites perceived the "Jewish problem" as one of religion, not of race.
    Anmerkung: Appeared in Portuguese as "As elites católicas do Brasil e sua atitude em relação aos judeus (1933-1939)" in "O anti-semitismo nas Américas" (2007) 209-241. , In Hebrew: , "יד ושם; קובץ מחקרים" ל (תשסב) 187-219
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  • 3
    Artikel
    Artikel
    In:  Yad Vashem Studies 2 (1958) 7-48
    Sprache: Englisch
    Erscheinungsjahr: 1958
    Titel der Quelle: Yad Vashem Studies
    Angaben zur Quelle: 2 (1958) 7-48
    Schlagwort(e): Jews Social conditions 20th century ; Jews History 20th century ; Antisemitism History 20th century
    Anmerkung: In English and Hebrew.
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  • 4
    Sprache: Englisch
    Erscheinungsjahr: 1992
    Titel der Quelle: Yad Vashem Studies
    Angaben zur Quelle: 22 (1992) 147-198
    Schlagwort(e): Jews History 1933-1939 ; Antisemitism History 20th century ; Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) ; Hesse (Germany)
    Kurzfassung: Discusses the situation of Hesse's Jews and their relations with their German neighbors before the Nazi ascent to power; these relations in the first years of the Nazi regime and in 1936-38; the attitudes of the general population, the local authorities, and the Churches, both Protestant and Catholic, to the Jews; and Jewish reactions to Nazism. Shows that while in 1933-35 the situation of the Jews depended on the locality, in 1936-38 it not only deteriorated, but became uniformly bad; that rural Jews suffered from official and popular antisemitism more than Jews in the large cities; and that emigration was more difficult for them. The main direction of migration for these Jews was to the cities. Surmises that the Nazis favored the concentration of the Jews in large cities.
    Anmerkung: In Hebrew: , "יד ושם; קובץ מחקרים" כב (תשנג) 117-156
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  • 5
    Artikel
    Artikel
    In:  Yad Vashem Studies 14 (1981) 269-286
    Sprache: Englisch
    Erscheinungsjahr: 1981
    Titel der Quelle: Yad Vashem Studies
    Angaben zur Quelle: 14 (1981) 269-286
    Schlagwort(e): Jews History 20th century ; Antisemitism History 20th century ; Christianity and antisemitism History 20th century ; Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) ; Transylvania (Romania)
    Kurzfassung: Relates that in the village of Zepling (in Romanian, Dedrad), northern Transylvania, the Jewish tradesmen and local peasants were on good terms until 1943. In 1936 however, when Holzträger was nine years old, he was mistaken for a Jew and badly beaten by four local youths. His mother then taught him that the Jews were responsible for Christ’s crucifixion; by the age of 11 he was a virulent antisemite, as was most of the Christian population. At his gymnasium, the curriculum included racial antisemitism. The Evangelist Church supported the Nazi Party. In the media the Jews were portrayed as conspirators. In mid-1944 the Jews were deported to Auschwitz, where most of them were gassed. The non-Jewish population claimed that they did not know about the atrocities being carried out against the Jews. Holzträger refutes this, as he himself heard reports as early as 1942. Towards the end of the war, Holzträger grasped the evil of Nazism and fled with his family to upper Austria.
    Anmerkung: In Hebrew: , "יד ושם; קובץ מחקרים" יד (תשמב) 205-218 , Record created automatically from multi-article record # 000322863
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  • 6
    Sprache: Englisch
    Erscheinungsjahr: 1981
    Titel der Quelle: Yad Vashem Studies
    Angaben zur Quelle: 14 (1981) 139-166
    Schlagwort(e): Jews History 1933-1945 ; Antisemitism History 20th century ; Christians ; Muslims Attitudes
    Kurzfassung: Describes antisemitism in Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia in the 1930s, propagated by European residents in those countries, as well as the indigent Arabs. Many right-wing leaders embraced fascism. Economic boycott of Jews was a favorite weapon. There was collusion between the French extreme right, Arab nationalism, and German-Italian propaganda. Libya, however, enjoyed freedom from severe anti-Jewish legislation by Italy until 1940. North African Jews demonstrated great patriotism in 1940 when France decided to call up the army to fight against Germany. But as the French army stumbled to defeat, Muslim and European anti-Jewish agitation again surfaced. The Muslims welcomed the fall of France, perceiving it as a blow to its colonial aspirations. The Europeans welcomed Pétain’s agreement to an armistice with the Germans, and viewed the Jews as an anti-governmental force due to their non-support for Pétain and because they preferred to ally themselves with England.
    Anmerkung: In Hebrew: , "יד ושם; קובץ מחקרים" יד (תשמב) 131-158 , Record created automatically from multi-article record # 000322863
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  • 7
    Artikel
    Artikel
    In:  Yad Vashem Studies 23 (1993) 213-280
    Sprache: Englisch
    Erscheinungsjahr: 1993
    Titel der Quelle: Yad Vashem Studies
    Angaben zur Quelle: 23 (1993) 213-280
    Schlagwort(e): Antonescu, Ion, ; Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) ; Jews History 1933-1945 ; Antisemitism History 20th century
    Kurzfassung: Based on documents from Romanian, German, and Russian archives, examines Ion Antonescu's policy toward the Jews during his military dictatorship (1940-44) and his responsibility for the mass deportations to Transnistria and the massacres of Jews in Bessarabia, Bukovina, and Odessa. Analyzes his nationalistic and antisemitic ideology, as well as his attitudes during the Bucharest pogrom (January 1941) and the Iași pogrom (June 1941). Discusses the circumstances of Antonescu's agreement and then refusal in 1942 to engage in the Nazi plan of total annihilation of Romanian Jewry. Concludes that Antonescu's regime was responsible for the death of at least 350,000 Jews, including 100,000 Ukrainian Jews.
    Anmerkung: Appeared also in "The Holocaust and History" (1998) 463-479. , In Hebrew: , "יד ושם; קובץ מחקרים" כג (תשנד) 151-197
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  • 8
    Sprache: Englisch
    Erscheinungsjahr: 2008
    Titel der Quelle: Yad Vashem Studies
    Angaben zur Quelle: 36,2 (2008) 115-153
    Schlagwort(e): Tószegi, Albert ; Gráner, Albert ; Jews History 1918-1945 ; Antisemitism History 20th century ; Fonyod (Hungary)
    Kurzfassung: Examines an incident which took place in the village of Fonyód, central Hungary, in 1919 at the peak of the "White Terror" under conditions of anti-communist and antisemitic hysteria. Three affluent Jews, Tószegi, Gráner, and Hamburger, were hanged by Horthy's army on the suspicion that they had supported the communist revolution some months earlier; the military executed them in disregard of Horthy's order to release them. The "verdicts" against them were based on popular rumors, not on facts; nobody in Fonyód wondered why wealthy and conservative individuals would cast their lot with communists. Examines the main popular anti-Jewish stereotypes of the time: the Jew as a communist and as a traitor or conspirator, which persevered until World War II. Notes that Horthy behaved in the Tószegi Affair just like he did in 1944; he intervened in defense of assimilated and conservative Jews (Fonyód victims in 1919, Budapest Jews in 1944), but not for unassimilated Jews.
    Anmerkung: In Hebrew:. , "יד ושם; קובץ מחקרים" לו,2 (תשסט) 97-129
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  • 9
    Artikel
    Artikel
    In:  Yad Vashem Studies 34 (2006) 45-86
    Sprache: Englisch
    Erscheinungsjahr: 2006
    Titel der Quelle: Yad Vashem Studies
    Angaben zur Quelle: 34 (2006) 45-86
    Schlagwort(e): Antisemitism History 20th century ; Jews History 1918-1945 ; Jews Periodicals ; Antisemitism in the press ; Right-wing extremists History 20th century
    Kurzfassung: Following World War I, the radical right press in Hungary acted as a conduit between racist and anti-socialist thinkers and the masses. This press succeeded in modernizing Hungarian antisemitism, shifting its focus from religious issues to nationalist, social, and economic ones. Examines four radical right newspapers: "Új Nemzedék" ("New Generation"), "A Nép" (The People"), "Szózat" ("Manifesto"), and "Virradat" ("The Dawn"); the motives of their editors and journalists, some of whom were prominent right-wing intellectuals; and the techniques and linguistic devices that they used to anchor antisemitic ideas in the public consciousness after 1919. Among the causes for their success were the support rendered to these papers by the counter-revolutionary government in the 1920s-30s and the repression of the left-wing press. Insofar as the "White Terror" period of 1919-21 was the beginning of Hungary's circuitous road to Auschwitz, the rightist press that arose at that time shares responsibility for the Holocaust of Hungarian Jewry.
    Anmerkung: In Hebrew: , יד ושם; קובץ מחקרים לד (תשסו).35-69
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  • 10
    Sprache: Englisch
    Erscheinungsjahr: 2006
    Titel der Quelle: Yad Vashem Studies
    Angaben zur Quelle: 34 (2006) 7-43
    Schlagwort(e): Hitler, Adolf, ; National socialism Philosophy ; Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) Historiography ; Antisemitism History 20th century ; Jews History 1939-1945 ; Europe History 20th century
    Kurzfassung: Argues that Hitler's role was decisive and indispensable to the unfolding of the Final Solution. Hitler's obsession with the "Jewish question" (in recorded political statements from 1919 on), especially with the idea that the Jews were guilty of unleashing the two world wars, excludes the theory that the radicalization of Nazi policy toward the Jews from 1939 to 1945 could have taken place without the Führer's orders. Dwells on Hitler's "prophecy" of 30 January 1939 - far from being a rhetorical phrase, it provided a guideline for action and was often referred to and quoted by Nazi leaders who determined the course of the genocide of the Jews. Surveys works of historians dealing with the origins of the Final Solution, criticizing the functionalist approach which, inter alia, dismisses Hitler's role in making the crucial decision and in defining the policy of mass murder of Jews.
    Anmerkung: An Italian version appeared as "Il ruolo di Hitler nell'Olocausto" in "Storia della Shoah" I (2005) 525-551, and in the compact version: "Storia della Shoah; la crisi dell'Europa, lo sterminio degli ebrei e la memoria del XX secolo. Vol. II" (2006) 75-105. , In Hebrew: , "יד ושם; קובץ מחקרים" לד (תשסו) 5-34
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